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{{Hatnote|This article is about the Japanese myth. For our other "Oni" articles, see [[Oni (disambiguation)]].}}
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|[[Image:Oni kanji.jpg|thumb|300px|Bungie's rendition of the ''oni'' [[wp:Kanji|kanji]]. The Chinese reading is ''guǐ'' (ghost), considered at the bottom of the article.]]
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*Back to [[Names]]?
The name of Bungie's game '''[[Oni]]''' was intended as a reference to the game's inspiration, [[Ghost in the Shell]], though it turned out that the Japanese kanji 鬼 does not accurately translate as "ghost". First we'll look at the actual meaning of the word by examining the myths of oni in Japanese folklore, then we'll consider some ways in which these true meanings of the word might appear in the game.
This should summarize the factual part of [http://oni.bungie.org/forums/index.php?threadid=39 Oni Name Translations, kanji and other Japanese stuff] (a thread on {{OCF}})


Unless mentioned otherwise, it's [[User:Geyser|geyser]] speaking. Occasional quotes of reference material are in '''''bold italics'''''.
==Traditional depictions of oni==
==Meaning of Oni==
Many people give the translation for "oni" as "demon", but below we examine more accurate terms for the various depictions of oni in Japanese stories. On the whole, it will be seen that a modern oni is always some kind of minor evil ''in the flesh'' that afflicts, threatens, or sometimes even ignores humans. This is in contrast to the usual use of the word "demon" in English, which refers to the fallen angels in the Bible, who are immaterial and who can possess humans. In fact, a much closer translation, looking at the Eastern depictions of an oni, would be "ogre", "beast" or "monster", but not "demon", which more closely corresponds to the Japanese word "akuma" ("evil being").
===Russian Oni : Them===
*In Russian, "oni" means "them". Since the title was transcribed with Cyrillic characters, Russian gamers hardly wonder about the japanese meaning of Oni :) It's worth to say that "Oni" means "them" also in Polish language, but in comparison to Russian, title wasn't transcribed.  
===Buddhist ONI : imps===
In traditional (Buddhist) Japanese mythology, the ONI are the exact counterparts of Christian imps (or devils with a small D). Some would guard the gates of Buddhist hell, while others would hunt down bad people and bring them ''to'' hell, others would actually torture the bad people ''in'' hell. It's exactly what Christian imps do, so it's a pretty exact analogy. Recurrent features of ONI were somewhat improbable skin color, two small horns on the forehead (just like by "our" imps), a big club (imps have forks instead), and they were dressed in tiger skins. The iron club is called KANABÔ.
===Pagan ONI : demons===
There are also recurrent pictures of another kind of ONI : barely human manifestations of evil, not related whatsoever to Buddhist hell. Instead of being the "official enforcers of the underworld", they would infest sacred places and prey on humans, only to be taken out by samurai and other demon-hunters.


Just as the Buddhist ONI connect to Christian imps, this other theme connects to Western (Greek, Medieval, Slavic) heroes and the mythological beasts they slay.
===Imps===
As opposed to the Buddhist "imps", this is "pagan" mythology, close to the fantasy/epos genre, but little or not related to religion. For one thing, artistic representations of those (not too human) ONI are less present in architecture etc. A few stories involving them :
In traditional Buddhist-Japanese mythology, the oni are the exact counterparts of Christian imps (or devils with a small D). Some would guard the gates of Buddhist hell, while others would hunt down bad people and bring them ''to'' hell, and others would actually torture the bad people ''in'' hell. It's exactly what Christian imps do, so it's a pretty exact analogy. Recurrent features of oni were somewhat improbable skin color, two small horns on the forehead, a big club (imps have forks instead), and they were dressed in tiger skins. The iron club is called a kanabō.
;Rashoumon gate:'''''[Taken from one of the stories of the demon-hunter, Raiko.] While in Kyoto, he and his five retainers heard tale of an oni that lived inside the great gate Rashoumon, the southern gate on the main road through Kyoto. One of his retainers, Watanabe, volunteers to see if this is true, and if so, slay the oni and hang a talisman with all of their names on the gate's handle. Sure enough, he encounters an oni there, but only succeeds in severing one of its arms and driving it off.'''''
;Redemption smiles:A short [http://www.wizards.com/default.asp?x=magic/bok/kentaro fantasy story] with a well-depicted oni hunt.
;Mukade:Mukades are giant centipedes that live in Japan. Pagan mythology involves giant versions of those things along with gods, dragons and other beasts. As opposed to e.g. dragons, the Mukade were irredeamably vile, so of all the beast-gods they're the most likely to fall in the catergory of ONI, super-oni even... See [[Mukade]]'s page for more


===Contemporary culture : West and East===
===Ghosts===
On the whole, it can be seen that an ONI is always some kind of minor evil ''in flesh''.
Before the influence of Buddhism, oni may have been depicted as immaterial spirits like the [[wp:Yūrei|yurei]], which needed to be driven out through [[wp:Onmyōdō|yin-yang magic]]. Instead of being the "official enforcers of the underworld", they would infest sacred places and prey on humans. However, the concept of oni eventually crystallized into a more solid form.
Not something immaterial like a ghost or specter or spirit or djinn or whatever.
So, definitely "demon" rather than "ghost" seems to be the correct translation, which allows a bit of freedom of interpretation, because :


Christian imps and fallen angels are both demons, though very different.
===Ogres===
Stuff like possession and exorcism also fall under the thematic of "demons".
The theme of the monstrous, man-like enemy that must be slain by samurai or a demon-hunter resembles Western (Greek, Medieval, Slavic) heroes and the mythological beasts they were said to have slain. As opposed to the Buddhist "imps" or the Shinto "ghosts", this is more secular mythology, closer to the fantasy genre than a moral tale belonging to religion.
And, you could throw in any material manifestation of evil, from Stephen King's "IT" to Freddy Krueger to God Knows What.
Any "thing" you could refer to as "it" or "them". Something real enough for you to fear it.


That's for Western culture (fantasy and the like). In contemporary ANIME, you can have a milder interpretation :
An example is found in [http://web.archive.org/web/20090814100526/http://www.kyoto.zaq.ne.jp/mibu/eng/pages/plays/tales.html#Anchor-Ogre-43793 one of the stories] of the demon hunter Raiko. While in Kyoto, he and his five greatest knights hear tell of an oni that preys on travelers near the great gate Rashoumon, the southern gate on the main road through Kyoto. One of his retainers, Watanabe, volunteers to see if this is true, and if so, slay the oni and hang a talisman with all of their names on the gate's handle. Sure enough, he encounters an oni there, but only succeeds in severing one of its arms and driving it off.


Somewhat selfish beings, superior to humans but with no clear intentions about them.
===Ogre-like men===
Some oblivious, some malicious, some downright malevolent.
[[Image:Earthquake_(Samurai_Shodown)_ZBrush_model_(clay).jpg|thumb|200px|<strike>Earthquake</strike> [[Oni2:Big|Mr. Big]], an ogre-like character for Oni 2 (geyser's take), reminiscent of Musashibo Benkei.]]
Some, however, could feel sympathy or pity for the humans and defend them against a greater evil (end-of-all-worlds kind).
Occasionally people of exceptional size and/or strength can be described as "oni". The most notable such figure in Japanese folklore is (Saitō) Musashibō Benkei, a large warrior monk who lived in the late XII century.


A small piece of reference [http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Arena/2448/types.html#demon here].
Apart from tales of his conflicted loyalty as a servant of samurai Minamoto no Yoshitsune, Benkei's uncommon size and strength gave rise to folkloric accounts of incredible feats, both in his youth and as a grown man. Benkei's birth and childhood, in particular, are heavily laden with myth and intertwined with tales of the demon child "Oniwakamaru" (Benkei himself was apparently called '''Oniwaka 鬼若''' in his young years); one such tale is the one of Oniwakamaru (young Benkei) fighting a giant carp fish. Benkei's death is remarkably iconic and demon-like as well: unbeatable in close combat, he was ridden with arrows from afar and allegedly died standing, scaring off his enemies long after his heart had ceased to beat.
I kinda like that one :
 
{|align=right
Beyond the heavily exaggerated Oniwakamura myth, the oni theme persists in depictions of Benkei's adolescence, most notably in the [https://www.surlalunefairytales.com/books/japan/griffis/benkeibell.html Mii-dera bell episode], where he playfully stole a large bell from a rival monastery, brought it to his own, and later threw the bell away because it gave out a nostalgic ring (as if saying "I want to go back"). In some accounts Benkei is shown dragging the bell along with a rope, but in many others he is carrying the huge bell on his back, sometimes using a large metal bar for leverage as in the account linked above. In several depictions, this iron bar is pictured to be Benkei's own weapon, a "kanabō 金棒", and Benkei himself is pictured as a hulking monster of a man, with lots of hair and muscle. Arguably [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/A_1906-1220-0-1054 THIS] drawing of the Mii-dera bell episode is the most herculean/oni-like rendition of Benkei.
|http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Arena/2448/lum.gif
 
Last but not least, Benkei's legendary affinity for powerful weapons has evolved into a myth of its own: "Benkei's seven tools" that are often displayed on Benkei's back. Along with an ordinary sword, the aforementioned kanabō or tetsubō (iron club) and the naginata typical of warrior monks (a lance with a crescent-shaped blade), the seven tools can include: an axe (masakari), a rake (kumade), a saw (nokogiri), a sickle (nagigama) and a mallet (hizuchi). On a perhaps unrelated note, it is Benkei's playful quest for collecting 1000 samurai swords that led to his fight with Yoshitsune, following which Benkei was humbled and served the rest of his life as Yoshitsune's "retainer".
 
===Aliens===
As seen in contemporary anime, Japan's view of the oni has mellowed somewhat; oni might simply be immortal, aloof, selfish beings, superior to humans but with no clear intentions about them. In some cases they are clearly depicted like Western ogres.
Some oblivious, some malicious, some downright malevolent. Some, however, could feel sympathy or pity for the humans and defend them against a greater evil (end-of-all-worlds kind). But mostly they're just outsiders, aliens in the mortal world.
 
A classic modern example of oni is found in [[wp:Urusei Yatsura|Urusei Yatsura]], where Lum (pictured below) and her relatives are aliens (an alien race literally called "Oni") who are sent to (fairly benevolently) conquer Earth. Their powers include flying, breathing fire, and shocking electrically. Lum has the typical two horns of an oni, but they're mostly hidden by her hair.
 
===Satire===
Occasionally the modern take on oni is a bit more satirical, as in the case of George Saotome from [[wp:YuYu Hakusho|Yu Yu Hakusho]], who appears to be a traditional monstrous oni in tiger skins, but who is actually a mild-mannered, harried office worker assisting the ruler of Spirit World. In [[wp:Dragon Ball Z|Dragon Ball Z]], while traveling through the afterlife, Goku accidentally falls into Hell and encounters Goz and Mez, who challenge him to physical competitions (you see, Hell is an eternal gym class). They display the traditional red and blue coloring and have one and two horns, as well as carrying kanabō. Their names come directly from [https://yokai.com/mezu/ this Gozu and Mezu].
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"
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|[[Image:Lum from Urusei Yatsura.jpg|200px]]
|[[Image:George from Yu Yu Hakusho.jpg|200px]]
|[[Image:Goz and Mez from Dragon Ball Z.jpg|200px]]
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|<center>Lum (''Urusei Yatsura'')</center>
|<center>George (''YuYu Hakusho'')</center>
|<center>Goz and Mez (''Dragon Ball Z'')</center>
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:'''''In Ursei Yatsura Lum, Tenten, and all their relatives are presented as oni, although in their case oni are simply misunderstood aliens from another planet, who only want to conquer earth (no hard feelings). These oni have two small spiral horns, the ability to fly, breath fire, and/or shock electrically.'''''
*Personaly, the "misunderstood aliens" crack me up, partly because of the [[Oni2:Oni 2|Oni 2]] perspectives with respect to [[Daodan]].
*As for flying, breathing fire, and/or shocking electrically, I'm not the only one who'd like to see that in "future releases".
*Lum (see picture) is truly a bridge character between Japanese traditional mythology and anime. She's very "modern" in that she's a fairy alien royal demon gorgeous babe, and yet she stays true to the ''traditional'' features that characterize a (Buddhist) ONI : horns and tiger skin.


===Resources===
===Further reading===
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni_(Japanese_folklore) Buddhist imps on Wikipedia]
*[[wp:Oni|Oni folklore on Wikipedia]]
*[http://www.sonic.net/~anomaly/oniko/eprofile.htm Oniko's Gallery] : not trivial, draws the connections between Buddhist ONI and the ones in contemporary ANIME
*[http://www.sonic.net/~anomaly/oniko/eprofile.htm Oniko's Gallery]; draws the connections between Buddhist oni and the ones in contemporary anime
*and a [http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa110400.htm whole] [http://www.mangajin.com/mangajin/samplemj/ghosts/ghosts.htm lot] [http://www.artelino.com/articles/japanese_mythology.asp more] (minor/trivial ones, ONI=imps/ogres/demons)
*and a [https://web.archive.org/web/20140828132113/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa110400.htm lot] [https://www.artelino.com/articles/japanese_mythology.asp more]
*also a [http://anime.dvdspecial.ru/Japan Russian site] with some non-trivial info :
 
:'''''Oni. Big evil human-like demons with fangs and horns living in hell (Dzigoku). Very strong and resilient : severed body parts can grow together again. Preferred weapon is an iron club with spikes on it (KANABÔ). Wear tiger skins around their hips. Despite their appearance, they're very sly and clever, and can morph in human shape. Feast on human flesh. People who can't control their anger can become oni, especially females. Sometimes oni can be good to people and even defend them.'''''
==Meaning in Slavic languages==
They've apparently mixed up pagan and Buddhist ONI here, but there are many interesting things nevertheless. Thanks to ZDLO for that one.
For the Russian distribution [[:Image:Windows (RU) jewel case - front.jpg|Oni's title was transliterated into Cyrillic characters]], but this also spells a word in Russian meaning "them". Thus some Russian gamers, instead of reading the title phonetically, assumed that the game is actually called "Them", which just so happens to convey the same creepy ambiguity as "Oni". Most of the other Slavic languages, such as Polish and Czech, also use "oni" for "them" or "they", creating the same potential for confusion as in Russian.


==Connections to the game==
{{SysopAdvice|I think [[Konoko|Oni]] is a pretty cool guǐ. Seh fights [[Strikers|Stirkers]] and doesn't afraid of anything.|Don't listen to that guǐ.}}
As explained in Bungie.org's [http://oni.bungie.org/special/part1/brent.html interview with Brent Pease], "Oni" was originally going to be the game's code name during development, as a reference to his inspiration, [[Ghost in the Shell]]. It started with Pease, who formulated the idea for the game, asking his girlfriend the Japanese word for "ghost" because she was studying Japanese at the time.


----
However it turned out that the Japanese word ''oni'' (鬼) does not accurately translate as "ghost", and is used more typically for monsters-in-the-flesh which could be called ogres or demons. Oni's design lead Hardy LeBel came to understand the proper meaning(s) of the word and [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=19851 explained here] that he attempted to justify the title of the game in the final story (as he also made sure to justify the game's tagline, "A dark future… an uncertain past… no one left to trust").


==Why is Bungie's Oni called Oni?==
===Monsters===
That is, who or what is the "demon" in Bungie's Oni? There are a few more or less trivial explanations
It appears that one definition of "oni" that Hardy leaned towards was "monster". If one searches [[Quotes/Speech|Oni's dialogue]] for "monster", a theme develops from the five occurrences of the term.
===Miscellani===
*The [[Iron Demon]] is an oni by definition. It would be a bit absurd, though, if Oni was named after a boss that didn't make the final cut...
*[http://www.darkhorse.com/search/search.php?frompage=userinput&sstring=oni Dark Horse's comics series] involves "ghosts" rather than "demons". Thus, in [http://www.darkhorse.com/profile/preview.php?theid=00-238 episode 1], '''''Syndicate thieves have been spreading rumors of a ghost-like entity that attacks them after successful jobs and steals their loot'''''. In episodes [http://www.darkhorse.com/profile/preview.php?theid=00-244 2] and [http://www.darkhorse.com/profile/preview.php?theid=00-252 3], '''''mysterious "ghosts" are plaguing Syndicate operations, and Agent Konoko, while investigating the Syndicate, finds out what these "ghosts" are'''''.
*Was there any other "official" explanation?
===Binary data===
Oni-related artwork (CD cover, a few desktops) pictures Konoko against a background of electronic circuits and/or a lot of binary digits : "0"s and "1"s. This allows for another interpretation of the title : ONI = 0'n'1 = 0&1. Zeros and ones. Binary data. Could be a remnant of the initial project perspective where Konoko was a cyborg (legal high-tech) fighting the Syndicate of Technological Crime (illegal high-tech). It doesn't make much sense now that Konoko's human (at least to start with).
===Them again : Russian evangelisation===
The fact that "oni" means "them" in Russian is a rather nice touch (IMO). ONI is very ambiguous, but so is "them" : actually it conveys about the same general creepy feeling. Some lucky coincidence...


For the record, the Russian language has rather accurate terms for the japanese ONI : "besy" (demons/devils/imps, the title of a novel by Dostoevsky) or, alternatively, "nechist'" and "nechistaja sila" (evil/dirty force). It's flexible enough so it can address the greater evil or a specific manifestation thereof. It's as ambiguous as the japanese term ONI because it used to designate "demons" in pagan culture until eventually Christian religion came around, with the Devil aka Satan as ''the'' bad guy, and a whole load of "small-D devils" aka "imps" to serve him.
First, Barabas is described as a '''monster''' (see "Barabas" section below to see how Hardy applied myths about the oni to Barabas). Then Konoko describes Muro and his men as '''monsters''', fearful that the Chrysalis will do the same to her. During her attack on the TCTF HQ, Konoko tells an unnamed NPC that she was made into a '''monster''' when she was implanted with the Chrysalis. But Konoko has not fully decided whether she is any better than Muro and his men until the point at which the player has to decide whether to kill Griffin. Each scenario, sparing him and killing him, uses the word "monster". If she spares Griffin, Konoko says that she won't be "the '''monster''' you thought I would be". If she kills Griffin, Konoko puts the blame on him for her actions, calling ''him'' a '''monster''' for what he did to her.


There are other words for those purely Christian notions, namely Satana=Satan, Chort=Devil and chort=devil=imp. But "bes" is very much used, despite, or maybe ''because'' of its ambiguity with pagan evil : Christian Evil was a "sensible substitute" to pagan beliefs, and evangelisation goes better if people can use the same vocabulary as before :)
Finally, though the game refers to him as "Mutant" Muro, Muro's transformation in the killed-Griffin scenario is certainly monstrous, and no doubt intended to reflect Konoko's own choice to take Griffin's life and what that might portend for her development as a symbiote.
===An iron club for a demon===
The most probable explanation, IMO, has to do with how the [[Daodan]] makes [[Konoko]] super strong and resilient. The quote above "Very strong and resilient : severed body parts can grow together again." is already a hint at [[Daodan|the Daodan's "unearthly" overpower and regeneration abilities]]. If you look at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni_(Japanese_folklore) Wikipedia article], there's this :
:'''''Depictions of oni vary widely but usually portray them as hideous, gigantic creatures with sharp claws, wild hair, and two long horns growing from their heads. They are humanoid for the most part, but occasionally, they are shown with unnatural features such as odd numbers of eyes or extra fingers and toes. Their skin may be any number of colors, but red, blue, black, pink, and green are particularly common. Their fierce appearance is only enhanced by the tiger skins they tend to wear and the iron clubs they favor, called kanabô (KANA BÔ). This image leads to the expression "oni with an iron club" (ONI NI KANA BÔ), that is, to be invincible or undefeatable. It can also be used in the sense of "strong beyond strong", or having one's natural quality enhanced or supplemented by the use of some tool.'''''
Regeneration is not mentioned there, but note how the superhuman strength is covered by the expression "oni with an iron club" (ONI NI KANABÔ, literally "an iron club for a demon"). Daodan-enhanced Mai, Muro and Mukade are all that (virtually invincible, undefeatable, and "strong beyond strong", their natural abilities being "supplemented" by the Daodan).


So it would look like Bungie's title merged all those notions (those carried by the Buddhist ONI ''per se'' and the additional ones carried by the "oni with a kanabô"), and that it thus applies to the different aspects of the effect of [[Daodan]] "symbiosis" on human beings, in particular on [[Konoko]].
===Ghosts===
The plot of [[:Category:Dark Horse comics|Dark Horse's comic book series]] incorporates the originally-understood meaning of "oni", "ghosts". Thus, in the synopsis for [https://www.darkhorse.com/Comics/00-238/Rockstar-Games-Oni-1-of-3 issue #1], "Syndicate thieves have been spreading rumors of a ghost-like entity that attacks them after successful jobs and steals their loot." In issues [https://www.darkhorse.com/Comics/00-244/Rockstar-Games-Oni-2-of-3 #2] and [https://www.darkhorse.com/Comics/00-252/Rockstar-Games-Oni-3-of-3 #3], "mysterious 'ghosts' are plaguing Syndicate operations, and Agent Konoko, while investigating the Syndicate, finds out what these 'ghosts' are."


ZDLO's quote from the Russian site provides another interesting parallel, namely "people who can't control their anger can become oni, especially females". As for "feasting on human flesh", this probably applies to the pagan ONI rather than to the Buddhist ones (the ones with the KANABÔ), but it can also be seen as an allegory for physical violence, which Daodan-enhanced symbiotes (and Mai) are rather good at. So it's all about anger and lack of control : that's pretty much what drives all of Bungie's Oni.
Hardy may also have paid tribute to the "original" meaning of the word with one "ghost" in the dialogue ([[Quotes/Speech#Intro 4|in reference to Prof. Hasegawa]]) and two mentions of 'ghost signals' in the console text ([[Quotes/Consoles#Deadly Brain : Weaknesses|sending them to the Deadly Brain]] and [[Quotes/Consoles#Malfunctioning Atmospheric Processor|detecting them in the ACCs]]).


[http://web-j.com/main.html Here] is a Japanese site, seemingly about that Buddhist proverb/expression : ONI NI KANABÔ.
===Demons===
It would seem like the right title for Bungie's Oni would have been
Bungie West might have been acknowledging what is probably the most common translation given for "oni" (even if it's not the most accurate), "demon", when they named one of Konoko's super moves "Devil Spin Kick".
:'''ONI NI KANABÔ : ''AN IRON CLUB FOR A DEMON'''''
Gives another dimension to the [[Iron Demon]] (KANAONI), too.


As for the ''moral meaning'' of the proverb (a strong being, when supplemented by a tool, is ''very'' strong, so ''what''?), here it is :
===Red oni & blue oni===
:'''great power should be given only to the strong/worthy'''
As TV Tropes explains [https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/RedOniBlueOni here], oni are most often depicted as red and blue. Over time, personalities were associated with these colors and used as character tropes. Normally the red-oni character is the fiery one and the blue-oni character is the cool, collected one. It's probably worth noting here that Konoko's Daodan aura is blue and Muro's is red ;-)
That last thing was taken from ''In Ghostly Japan'', which you can read either [http://books.onelang.com/In-Ghostly-Japan/index.htm#HOME here] (top of [http://www.literaturehead.com/section/hearn%252c-lafcadio/in-ghostly-japan/34.html page 34]) or [http://www.literaturehead.com/book/hearn%252c-lafcadio/in-ghostly-japan.html here] (middle of the [http://books.onelang.com/In-Ghostly-Japan/Japanese-Buddhist-Proverbs.htm Japanese Buddhist Proverbs chapter]).


Another proverb with a similar meaning is "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benkei Benkei] ni [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naginata naginata]" (Benkei is a legendary fighting monk). There's also the Western allegory of Hercules with his massive club and lion skin (see below)
===Transformation through anger===
As a Portuguese article states, "It is also said that a man with anger will transform into an oni. Japanese folklore also says that a wife of great jealousy will become a Hannya, that is, a female oni. [...] The Buddhist oni is not always an evil force; in the Buddhist legends there are stories of monks who, after death, became oni in order to protect their temples from disasters. The belief in oni reached its zenith in the 18th and 19th centuries."


Basically it means that great tools (primarily tools of death : any great power holds some kind of danger) should be handled by the ones who are worthy of them. The juxtaposition of the two proverbs "Oni ni kanabô, Benkei ni naginata" is rare (I only found it in some guy's forum signature) and the moral meaning would be somewhat weaker.
At the very least, this describes Mutant [[Muro]] well. For that matter, all the known [[Daodan]] symbiotes are violent individuals. Barabas is an elite Striker, and Mukade tempts [[Mai]] to come over to the dark side and 'embrace the oblivion'; Mai ends their fight with gratuitous violence. Kerr tells her later that her final form will be a manifestation of her true self, leaving us to wonder if her true self is naughty or nice, and what appearance this will result in.


More on Benkei and on that "double proverb", later...
Incidentally, mukade are large centipedes native to Japan. Pagan mythology depicts giant versions of these things alongside gods, dragons and other beasts. As opposed to e.g. dragons, the Mukade were irredeemably vile, so of all the beast-gods they're the most likely to fall in the category of oni, super-oni even.... See [[Mukade]]'s page for more.


===Hercules===
===Barabas===
Ironically, a character that's very similar to Buddhist ONI is the ''pagan'' hero [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules Hercules]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles Heracles]. He wears a lion skin and wields a massive wooden club, which is fairly close to an ONI's tiger skin and kanabô...
The Japanese have a saying, "oni ni kanabo", "like an oni with its iron club". The phrase conveys the concept of an already strong entity equipped with a weapon to make it even stronger. [[Barabas]] is represented as a very strong fighter, and on top of that, he has the game's biggest weapon in his hands when Konoko first confronts him.


The Greek mythos has episodes where Hercules displays gratuitous violence, while at other times he appears as sly and cunning (just as ambiguous as the Buddhist Oni). One thing's for sure : he's inhumanly strong to start with (half-god), and his chosen attributes (the Nemean Lion's skin and the massive club) make him even tougher.
But there's more. Barabas also possesses a regenerative ability, an occasional attribute of oni, as well as horns, and to top it all off, <u>he's guarding a gate</u>, as many oni do in folk tales. Coincidence?


As for regeneration... a (Greek) hero is not immortal (neither is an ONI), but as a half-god he's inhumanly tough and resilient. So there's a reasonable analogy here as well, with the Japanese ONI ''and'' with the [[Daodan]].
===Muro===
[[Image:Muro blanka attack.jpg|200px|right]]
Mythical oni have long been associated with thunder and lightning, and it's theorized that lightning gods, raijin, are just oni in another package (see the images of them in Wikipedia's [[wp:Raijin|Raijin article]]). As Noriko Reider's ''[https://archive.org/details/JapaneseDemonLore Japanese Demon Lore]'' states (p. 177), "For ancient and medieval Japanese cultures, [] oni were believed to be the very substance of thunder and lightning. Oni were the cause behind epidemics that killed people by the tens of thousands." Remind us again, who's our favorite epidemic-causing lightning god in Oni?


See [[Oni2:Heroes|here]] for a deeper connection between Bungie's [[Daodan]] and Greek heroes (no, it's not just the way they used the Greek alphabet at the TCTF... there's more).
===Iron Demon===
===AO-ONI & AKA-ONI===
The [[Iron Demon]] is a demon too, at least in name. The "Iron" may be a reference to the kanabo, discussed in the "Barabas" section above. The Dark Horse comic runs the risk of being ''too'' on the nose by also equipping the Iron Demon with a ''[[:Image:Oni_Comic_Issue_1_p22.jpg|literal iron club]]''.
A very nice short page on Oni [http://www.city.obihiro.hokkaido.jp/hp/data/page000005200/hpg000005113.htm here]
:'''''In addition, Oni of various colors such as the Ao (Blue)-Oni and Aka (Red)-Oni have been created, but there seem to be no single, established view for the connotations of these colors.'''''
Would look like [[Konoko|Mai]] is an AO-ONI and [[Muro]] is an AKA-ONI :)


==Alternate universe titles for Oni==
What if Brent had received an accurate response that day as to the Japanese word for "ghost"? Well, the most common words for ghost seem to be ''youkai'', ''yurei'', ''youma'', and ''konpaku''. So in an alternate universe, it could be that we're all big "Youma" fans or avid players of "Youkai".


It's probably worth pointing out here that an "ou" is one of the ways of representing the long 'o' sound in the standard [[wp:Hepburn_romanization|Hepburn romanization system]]. The sound can also be written as an 'o' with a macron: '''ō'''. Since most English speakers don't know the proper reading of "ou", they would be inclined to pronounce "youma" as "yuu-ma" when it should really be said "yoh-ma". So presumably Bungie would have ended up just writing it "Yoma" or "Yokai" to avoid confusion if Brent had used one of those words for the project's code name instead of "Oni".
----
----
{| style="float:right; border:1px solid #BBB;margin:.46em 0 0 .2em"
|+[[Oni matrix|Coincidence?]]
|-
|
捣 - D ǎ '''''O'''''
蛋 - D à '''''N'''''
鬼 - G U '''''ǐ'''''
          <nowiki>|</nowiki>
          鬼
|}
Alternatively, it may have made sense to call the project "Dǎo Dàn Guǐ" 捣蛋鬼 (which is Chinese for "troublemaker", or "trouble-making ghost/spirit/demon" if taking the last symbol literally/fundamentally). Appropriately echoing Shirow's "[[Ghost in the Shell|Kōkaku Kidōtai]]", such a title would have emphasized the historical source of the "oni" kanji 鬼 (referencing a language where "ghost" actually ''was'' its primary meaning), and it would also have highlighted Oni's core concept (the [[Daodan]] Chrysalis), which breaks every balance and sends the world tumbling into uncertainty.
Apparently it was deemed that "Oni" was catchier and snappier (and spookier?) as a title. Admittedly, "Dǎo Dàn Guǐ" (or even "Yōkai") doesn't exactly roll off the tongue for a non-otaku, whereas "oni" is mainstream enough to have a [[wp:Oni|Wikipedia article in English]], so it's one of those Japanese words that sound exotic yet "work" without a translation. The deep ambiguity of the "Oni" title - not clearly meaning "ghost" or "demon", and not even clearly singular or plural - was another possible plus.
If Bungie had settled for an English translation of "Dǎo Dàn Guǐ" instead, we could have known Oni as "Rebel Spirit(s)". Or "Stirring Demon(s)". Or "[[Restless Souls]]".


==Related==
[[Category:Oni influences]][[Category:Added value]]
===[[Names]]===
*[[Konoko]]
*[[Muro]]
*[[Mukade]]
*[[Barabas]]
*[[Daodan]]
===More on Oni's Onis===
Mostly speculative considerations, part of the [[Oni2: Oni 2|Oni 2]] project. More about that on the [[Daodan]] page

Latest revision as of 17:17, 13 April 2024

This article is about the Japanese myth. For our other "Oni" articles, see Oni (disambiguation).
Bungie's rendition of the oni kanji. The Chinese reading is guǐ (ghost), considered at the bottom of the article.

The name of Bungie's game Oni was intended as a reference to the game's inspiration, Ghost in the Shell, though it turned out that the Japanese kanji 鬼 does not accurately translate as "ghost". First we'll look at the actual meaning of the word by examining the myths of oni in Japanese folklore, then we'll consider some ways in which these true meanings of the word might appear in the game.

Traditional depictions of oni

Many people give the translation for "oni" as "demon", but below we examine more accurate terms for the various depictions of oni in Japanese stories. On the whole, it will be seen that a modern oni is always some kind of minor evil in the flesh that afflicts, threatens, or sometimes even ignores humans. This is in contrast to the usual use of the word "demon" in English, which refers to the fallen angels in the Bible, who are immaterial and who can possess humans. In fact, a much closer translation, looking at the Eastern depictions of an oni, would be "ogre", "beast" or "monster", but not "demon", which more closely corresponds to the Japanese word "akuma" ("evil being").

Imps

In traditional Buddhist-Japanese mythology, the oni are the exact counterparts of Christian imps (or devils with a small D). Some would guard the gates of Buddhist hell, while others would hunt down bad people and bring them to hell, and others would actually torture the bad people in hell. It's exactly what Christian imps do, so it's a pretty exact analogy. Recurrent features of oni were somewhat improbable skin color, two small horns on the forehead, a big club (imps have forks instead), and they were dressed in tiger skins. The iron club is called a kanabō.

Ghosts

Before the influence of Buddhism, oni may have been depicted as immaterial spirits like the yurei, which needed to be driven out through yin-yang magic. Instead of being the "official enforcers of the underworld", they would infest sacred places and prey on humans. However, the concept of oni eventually crystallized into a more solid form.

Ogres

The theme of the monstrous, man-like enemy that must be slain by samurai or a demon-hunter resembles Western (Greek, Medieval, Slavic) heroes and the mythological beasts they were said to have slain. As opposed to the Buddhist "imps" or the Shinto "ghosts", this is more secular mythology, closer to the fantasy genre than a moral tale belonging to religion.

An example is found in one of the stories of the demon hunter Raiko. While in Kyoto, he and his five greatest knights hear tell of an oni that preys on travelers near the great gate Rashoumon, the southern gate on the main road through Kyoto. One of his retainers, Watanabe, volunteers to see if this is true, and if so, slay the oni and hang a talisman with all of their names on the gate's handle. Sure enough, he encounters an oni there, but only succeeds in severing one of its arms and driving it off.

Ogre-like men

Earthquake Mr. Big, an ogre-like character for Oni 2 (geyser's take), reminiscent of Musashibo Benkei.

Occasionally people of exceptional size and/or strength can be described as "oni". The most notable such figure in Japanese folklore is (Saitō) Musashibō Benkei, a large warrior monk who lived in the late XII century.

Apart from tales of his conflicted loyalty as a servant of samurai Minamoto no Yoshitsune, Benkei's uncommon size and strength gave rise to folkloric accounts of incredible feats, both in his youth and as a grown man. Benkei's birth and childhood, in particular, are heavily laden with myth and intertwined with tales of the demon child "Oniwakamaru" (Benkei himself was apparently called Oniwaka 鬼若 in his young years); one such tale is the one of Oniwakamaru (young Benkei) fighting a giant carp fish. Benkei's death is remarkably iconic and demon-like as well: unbeatable in close combat, he was ridden with arrows from afar and allegedly died standing, scaring off his enemies long after his heart had ceased to beat.

Beyond the heavily exaggerated Oniwakamura myth, the oni theme persists in depictions of Benkei's adolescence, most notably in the Mii-dera bell episode, where he playfully stole a large bell from a rival monastery, brought it to his own, and later threw the bell away because it gave out a nostalgic ring (as if saying "I want to go back"). In some accounts Benkei is shown dragging the bell along with a rope, but in many others he is carrying the huge bell on his back, sometimes using a large metal bar for leverage as in the account linked above. In several depictions, this iron bar is pictured to be Benkei's own weapon, a "kanabō 金棒", and Benkei himself is pictured as a hulking monster of a man, with lots of hair and muscle. Arguably THIS drawing of the Mii-dera bell episode is the most herculean/oni-like rendition of Benkei.

Last but not least, Benkei's legendary affinity for powerful weapons has evolved into a myth of its own: "Benkei's seven tools" that are often displayed on Benkei's back. Along with an ordinary sword, the aforementioned kanabō or tetsubō (iron club) and the naginata typical of warrior monks (a lance with a crescent-shaped blade), the seven tools can include: an axe (masakari), a rake (kumade), a saw (nokogiri), a sickle (nagigama) and a mallet (hizuchi). On a perhaps unrelated note, it is Benkei's playful quest for collecting 1000 samurai swords that led to his fight with Yoshitsune, following which Benkei was humbled and served the rest of his life as Yoshitsune's "retainer".

Aliens

As seen in contemporary anime, Japan's view of the oni has mellowed somewhat; oni might simply be immortal, aloof, selfish beings, superior to humans but with no clear intentions about them. In some cases they are clearly depicted like Western ogres. Some oblivious, some malicious, some downright malevolent. Some, however, could feel sympathy or pity for the humans and defend them against a greater evil (end-of-all-worlds kind). But mostly they're just outsiders, aliens in the mortal world.

A classic modern example of oni is found in Urusei Yatsura, where Lum (pictured below) and her relatives are aliens (an alien race literally called "Oni") who are sent to (fairly benevolently) conquer Earth. Their powers include flying, breathing fire, and shocking electrically. Lum has the typical two horns of an oni, but they're mostly hidden by her hair.

Satire

Occasionally the modern take on oni is a bit more satirical, as in the case of George Saotome from Yu Yu Hakusho, who appears to be a traditional monstrous oni in tiger skins, but who is actually a mild-mannered, harried office worker assisting the ruler of Spirit World. In Dragon Ball Z, while traveling through the afterlife, Goku accidentally falls into Hell and encounters Goz and Mez, who challenge him to physical competitions (you see, Hell is an eternal gym class). They display the traditional red and blue coloring and have one and two horns, as well as carrying kanabō. Their names come directly from this Gozu and Mezu.

Lum from Urusei Yatsura.jpg George from Yu Yu Hakusho.jpg Goz and Mez from Dragon Ball Z.jpg
Lum (Urusei Yatsura)
George (YuYu Hakusho)
Goz and Mez (Dragon Ball Z)

Further reading

Meaning in Slavic languages

For the Russian distribution Oni's title was transliterated into Cyrillic characters, but this also spells a word in Russian meaning "them". Thus some Russian gamers, instead of reading the title phonetically, assumed that the game is actually called "Them", which just so happens to convey the same creepy ambiguity as "Oni". Most of the other Slavic languages, such as Polish and Czech, also use "oni" for "them" or "they", creating the same potential for confusion as in Russian.

Connections to the game

A few words from the masters

I think Oni is a pretty cool guǐ. Seh fights Stirkers and doesn't afraid of anything.

TXMPPOSTER3.png Iritscen, hapécat-in-chief


Don't listen to that guǐ.

TXMPBOSS2face.png geyser, syndicate accessory

As explained in Bungie.org's interview with Brent Pease, "Oni" was originally going to be the game's code name during development, as a reference to his inspiration, Ghost in the Shell. It started with Pease, who formulated the idea for the game, asking his girlfriend the Japanese word for "ghost" because she was studying Japanese at the time.

However it turned out that the Japanese word oni (鬼) does not accurately translate as "ghost", and is used more typically for monsters-in-the-flesh which could be called ogres or demons. Oni's design lead Hardy LeBel came to understand the proper meaning(s) of the word and explained here that he attempted to justify the title of the game in the final story (as he also made sure to justify the game's tagline, "A dark future… an uncertain past… no one left to trust").

Monsters

It appears that one definition of "oni" that Hardy leaned towards was "monster". If one searches Oni's dialogue for "monster", a theme develops from the five occurrences of the term.

First, Barabas is described as a monster (see "Barabas" section below to see how Hardy applied myths about the oni to Barabas). Then Konoko describes Muro and his men as monsters, fearful that the Chrysalis will do the same to her. During her attack on the TCTF HQ, Konoko tells an unnamed NPC that she was made into a monster when she was implanted with the Chrysalis. But Konoko has not fully decided whether she is any better than Muro and his men until the point at which the player has to decide whether to kill Griffin. Each scenario, sparing him and killing him, uses the word "monster". If she spares Griffin, Konoko says that she won't be "the monster you thought I would be". If she kills Griffin, Konoko puts the blame on him for her actions, calling him a monster for what he did to her.

Finally, though the game refers to him as "Mutant" Muro, Muro's transformation in the killed-Griffin scenario is certainly monstrous, and no doubt intended to reflect Konoko's own choice to take Griffin's life and what that might portend for her development as a symbiote.

Ghosts

The plot of Dark Horse's comic book series incorporates the originally-understood meaning of "oni", "ghosts". Thus, in the synopsis for issue #1, "Syndicate thieves have been spreading rumors of a ghost-like entity that attacks them after successful jobs and steals their loot." In issues #2 and #3, "mysterious 'ghosts' are plaguing Syndicate operations, and Agent Konoko, while investigating the Syndicate, finds out what these 'ghosts' are."

Hardy may also have paid tribute to the "original" meaning of the word with one "ghost" in the dialogue (in reference to Prof. Hasegawa) and two mentions of 'ghost signals' in the console text (sending them to the Deadly Brain and detecting them in the ACCs).

Demons

Bungie West might have been acknowledging what is probably the most common translation given for "oni" (even if it's not the most accurate), "demon", when they named one of Konoko's super moves "Devil Spin Kick".

Red oni & blue oni

As TV Tropes explains here, oni are most often depicted as red and blue. Over time, personalities were associated with these colors and used as character tropes. Normally the red-oni character is the fiery one and the blue-oni character is the cool, collected one. It's probably worth noting here that Konoko's Daodan aura is blue and Muro's is red ;-)

Transformation through anger

As a Portuguese article states, "It is also said that a man with anger will transform into an oni. Japanese folklore also says that a wife of great jealousy will become a Hannya, that is, a female oni. [...] The Buddhist oni is not always an evil force; in the Buddhist legends there are stories of monks who, after death, became oni in order to protect their temples from disasters. The belief in oni reached its zenith in the 18th and 19th centuries."

At the very least, this describes Mutant Muro well. For that matter, all the known Daodan symbiotes are violent individuals. Barabas is an elite Striker, and Mukade tempts Mai to come over to the dark side and 'embrace the oblivion'; Mai ends their fight with gratuitous violence. Kerr tells her later that her final form will be a manifestation of her true self, leaving us to wonder if her true self is naughty or nice, and what appearance this will result in.

Incidentally, mukade are large centipedes native to Japan. Pagan mythology depicts giant versions of these things alongside gods, dragons and other beasts. As opposed to e.g. dragons, the Mukade were irredeemably vile, so of all the beast-gods they're the most likely to fall in the category of oni, super-oni even.... See Mukade's page for more.

Barabas

The Japanese have a saying, "oni ni kanabo", "like an oni with its iron club". The phrase conveys the concept of an already strong entity equipped with a weapon to make it even stronger. Barabas is represented as a very strong fighter, and on top of that, he has the game's biggest weapon in his hands when Konoko first confronts him.

But there's more. Barabas also possesses a regenerative ability, an occasional attribute of oni, as well as horns, and to top it all off, he's guarding a gate, as many oni do in folk tales. Coincidence?

Muro

Muro blanka attack.jpg

Mythical oni have long been associated with thunder and lightning, and it's theorized that lightning gods, raijin, are just oni in another package (see the images of them in Wikipedia's Raijin article). As Noriko Reider's Japanese Demon Lore states (p. 177), "For ancient and medieval Japanese cultures, […] oni were believed to be the very substance of thunder and lightning. Oni were the cause behind epidemics that killed people by the tens of thousands." Remind us again, who's our favorite epidemic-causing lightning god in Oni?

Iron Demon

The Iron Demon is a demon too, at least in name. The "Iron" may be a reference to the kanabo, discussed in the "Barabas" section above. The Dark Horse comic runs the risk of being too on the nose by also equipping the Iron Demon with a literal iron club.

Alternate universe titles for Oni

What if Brent had received an accurate response that day as to the Japanese word for "ghost"? Well, the most common words for ghost seem to be youkai, yurei, youma, and konpaku. So in an alternate universe, it could be that we're all big "Youma" fans or avid players of "Youkai".

It's probably worth pointing out here that an "ou" is one of the ways of representing the long 'o' sound in the standard Hepburn romanization system. The sound can also be written as an 'o' with a macron: ō. Since most English speakers don't know the proper reading of "ou", they would be inclined to pronounce "youma" as "yuu-ma" when it should really be said "yoh-ma". So presumably Bungie would have ended up just writing it "Yoma" or "Yokai" to avoid confusion if Brent had used one of those words for the project's code name instead of "Oni".


Coincidence?
捣 - D ǎ O
蛋 - D à N
鬼 - G U ǐ
         |
         鬼

Alternatively, it may have made sense to call the project "Dǎo Dàn Guǐ" 捣蛋鬼 (which is Chinese for "troublemaker", or "trouble-making ghost/spirit/demon" if taking the last symbol literally/fundamentally). Appropriately echoing Shirow's "Kōkaku Kidōtai", such a title would have emphasized the historical source of the "oni" kanji 鬼 (referencing a language where "ghost" actually was its primary meaning), and it would also have highlighted Oni's core concept (the Daodan Chrysalis), which breaks every balance and sends the world tumbling into uncertainty.

Apparently it was deemed that "Oni" was catchier and snappier (and spookier?) as a title. Admittedly, "Dǎo Dàn Guǐ" (or even "Yōkai") doesn't exactly roll off the tongue for a non-otaku, whereas "oni" is mainstream enough to have a Wikipedia article in English, so it's one of those Japanese words that sound exotic yet "work" without a translation. The deep ambiguity of the "Oni" title - not clearly meaning "ghost" or "demon", and not even clearly singular or plural - was another possible plus.

If Bungie had settled for an English translation of "Dǎo Dàn Guǐ" instead, we could have known Oni as "Rebel Spirit(s)". Or "Stirring Demon(s)". Or "Restless Souls".