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But progress on the hardware level is only one side of the coin. You also need software to utilize it. A Russian team demonstrated that [https://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientists-pc-complex-problems-tens.html some scenarios requiring supercomputing can actually by handled on a desk PC] after installing a new graphics card [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1508.07441.pdf (GTX-670, CUDA supported) and self-written software.]
But progress on the hardware level is only one side of the coin. You also need software to utilize it. A Russian team demonstrated that [https://phys.org/news/2016-06-scientists-pc-complex-problems-tens.html some scenarios requiring supercomputing can actually by handled on a desk PC] after installing a new graphics card [https://arxiv.org/pdf/1508.07441.pdf (GTX-670, CUDA supported) and self-written software.]


Still many PC programs can't draw advantage from multi-cores processors and will not. That is because not every program need multiple cores, like text editors. However the trend is here to stay: more cores. (See Intel's Core X and AMD's Threadripper.) Or more exactly: parallelism. It's the new hype. Together with machine learning and AI which started to regain traction again after its past [wp:AI_winter|winters]].
Still many PC programs can't draw advantage from multi-cores processors and will not. That is because not every program need multiple cores, like text editors. However the trend is here to stay: more cores. (See Intel's Core X and AMD's Threadripper.) Or more exactly: parallelism. It's the new hype. Together with machine learning and AI which started to regain traction again after its past [[wp:AI_winter|winters]].


After these tricks (stacking, multi-core architecture, parallelism) has been fully exploited, the companies will be forced to abandon energy hungry [wp:Speculative_execution|speculative code execution] and turn to new technologies such as optical computing, memristors, and spintronics.
After these tricks (stacking, multi-core architecture, parallelism) has been fully exploited, the companies will be forced to abandon energy hungry [[wp:Speculative_execution|speculative code execution]] and turn to new technologies such as optical computing, memristors, and spintronics.


Harnessing the magnetic property of electrons will not only result in less power consumption but also high clock rates. In the past years the clock speed stagnated between 4 and 5 GHz due to overheating. Processors based on spintronics won't heat up that fast, so they can operate at higher frequencies. And higher frequencies means more calculations per second.
Harnessing the magnetic property of electrons will not only result in less power consumption but also high clock rates. In the past years the clock speed stagnated between 4 and 5 GHz due to overheating. Processors based on spintronics won't heat up that fast, so they can operate at higher frequencies. And higher frequencies means more calculations per second.
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The ultimate computing hardware will incorporate bio and nanotechnologies to make themselves shapeshifting hardware to adapt to the problems you give them.
The ultimate computing hardware will incorporate bio and nanotechnologies to make themselves shapeshifting hardware to adapt to the problems you give them.


===Consequences===
===Consequences===
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