OBD:Instance file format

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".dat" redirects here; for other files ending in ".dat", see Oni (folder).

You should read the Game data terminology page before this one.

The Raw and separate file formats page should be read after this one.

Files in GameDataFolder/ named "level[0-19]_Final.dat", together with ".raw" and sometimes ".sep" counterparts, contain the game data for Oni.

The same format was used for the tool files, named level0_Tools.dat/.raw/.sep, however the retail Oni game application does not load tool files; for the story behind the tool files, see level0_Tools.

The level 0 files do not actually contain a level, but instances (resources) shared across all levels. Level 0 is loaded when the game starts, and never unloaded. All other level files, 1-19, are only loaded when their corresponding level starts, and unloaded when it ends. Since Oni can only hold these two levels in memory concurrently, resources have to be duplicated on disk whenever a character class, sound effect, etc. occurs in more than one level. For instance, although there are only 2,380 unique sounds in the game, there are 7,386 sounds stored across all level data files.

Backwards and garbage data

During development, Oni had an in-game editor which presented a GUI for manipulating AIs, particles, etc. in a level. When a developer saved his work, the contents of the level, stored in his PC's RAM, were flushed directly to disk. Thus the structure of the .dat/.raw/.sep files reflects the way in which Bungie West chose to store levels in memory. So when we read the data in the files with a hex editor, we can see eccentricities such as blank space (coming from unused fields and byte-alignment padding) and garbage data (such as now-meaningless pointer values). These gaps between data chunks add up to about 25 MB for the whole game.

Additionally, because the levels were built on Intel-based machines, which use a little-endian architecture, sequences of bytes which represent numbers were written from least-significant to most-significant byte. FourCCs in the data are stored "backwards", such as "13RV" which is meant to be read "VR31", because Bungie defined those four bytes as a 32-bit integer, not a string, causing them to be written to disk in little-endian order.

File limits

• Max level number: 127
• Max number of instance files in GameDataFolder: 512 (Windows), 16 (Windows demo, Mac)
• Max number of simultaneously loaded instance files: 64
• Max number of instances in a file: 131071
• Max length of an instance file name: 31
• Max length of an instance name: 63 (including the 4 character template tag)

Header

Here is a walkthrough of an instance file using the level0_Final.dat in English Windows Oni. Follow along in a hex editor for maximum learnage. Each term will be explained in-depth when we fully consider the related data. First, here is how the file begins:

Offset	Type	Raw Hex	Value	Description
0x00	int64	1F 27 DC 33 DF BC 03 00	0x0003BCDF33DC271F	Total template checksum (main indicator of engine compatibility): 0x0003BCDF33DC271F ("PC") - templates compatible with Windows retail engine(s) 0x0003BCDF23C13061 ("Mac") - templates compatible with Windows demo and Mac engines 0x0003BA70A8D8AE11 ("PS2") - templates compatible with PlayStation 2 engine(s) 0x0000000000000000 (blank) - for use with OniX engine(s) (VR33), which handle data versioning using the 0x3C field below OniSplit's .oni files (VR32) use PC checksum by default and Mac/PS2 checksums where required (SNDD, TXMP, AGQG, M3GM, IGSt, TSFT/TSGA, TRAM/TREX)
0x08	int32	31 33 52 56	'13RV'	.dat version (meant to be read as "VR31") OniSplit's .oni files use '23RV' ("VR32") instead OniX's GDFX uses '33RV' ("VR33") to signify that the new data versioning system is in use
0x0C	int16	40 00	64	size of this header
0x0E	int16	14 00	20	size of instance descriptor
0x10	int16	10 00	16	size of template descriptor
0x12	int16	08 00	8	size of name descriptor
0x14	int32	83 24 00 00	9347	instance descriptor count
0x18	int32	D4 1B 00 00	7124	name descriptor count
0x1C	int32	38 00 00 00	56	template descriptor count
0x20	int32	A0 BC 03 00	0x03BCA0	data table offset
0x24	int32	A0 35 25 00	2438560	data table size
0x28	int32	40 F2 28 00	0x28F240	name table offset
0x2C	int32	04 4F 02 00	151300	name table size
0x30	int32	99 CF 40 00	(garbage)	used by OniSplit for raw table offset
0x34	int32	90 4F 63 00	(garbage)	used by OniSplit for raw table size
0x38	int32	F4 55 5F 00	(garbage)	unused
0x3C	int32	90 4F 63 00	(garbage)	used by OniX (three high bytes) for data versioning; contains the highest data type version found in any instance in this .dat

The file's total template checksum is the sum of all the template checksums (see "Template descriptors" below). Oni looks at this number in order to validate that it can read this version of the game data format. In practical terms, the total checksum value given for Windows above tells us that this level data is in the .dat/.raw file scheme, and the value given for Mac Oni and the Windows demo tells us that the level data uses the .dat/.raw/.sep file scheme.

The version of the instance file is the format version. Reading it backwards, as discussed under the "Backwards and garbage data" section, we get "VR31", which probably means "version 3.1". This is the format version of all instance files in all releases of Oni, regardless of file scheme.

The descriptor sizes are the sizes of the instance, template, and name descriptors which are coming up in this file (see breakdowns in later sections). For instance, each instance descriptor will be 0x14, or 20 bytes, in length.

The descriptor counts are the sizes of arrays which are coming up in this file: the instance, name and template descriptors. For instance, the size of the instance descriptor array will be 0x2483, or 9,347 items, in length.

Next we are told the addresses and sizes of the data and name tables in the instance file. The name table simply follows the data table, as you'll see if you add the data table offset plus the data table size, but that doesn't mean the name table offset is redundant; if its start was not 32-bit-aligned, it probably would be moved down to start at the next 32-bit word, but this is unnecessary because it happens to be aligned already.

After this comes four "int"s of garbage. Space occupied by random values like this is common in the data files, and indicates that something stored in memory at this relative position was written to disk even though it wouldn't be meaningful on disk (probably pointers or uninitialized memory in a space that was being reserved for possible future use). The first two 32-bit fields are, however, used in .oni files generated by OniSplit, and the last 32-bit field is partly used by OniX for a new form of template versioning. Future usage of these fields by OniSplit and/or OniX may change (hopefully not too much).

That concludes the header of the instance file. Immediately after this header, we find the instance descriptors array.

Instance descriptors

The instance descriptor array tells Oni where to find the data and the name of every instance (resource) indexed by the .dat file. The descriptors start at 0x40 in the .dat file, but below is a descriptor found at 0x017B50 in the file which makes a better example. In the table below, we use offsets relative to the start of this descriptor.

Offset	Type	Raw Hex	Value	Description (vanilla)	Description (GDFX)
0x00	tag	54 42 55 53	'SUBT'	template tag
0x04	int32	C8 30 22 00	0x2230C8	data offset (relative to data table)
0x08	int32	01 CB 00 00	0xCB01	name offset (relative to name table)
0x0C	int32	C0 09 00 00	2496	data size
0x10	int32	00 00 00 00	0	flags; possible values: 0x01 00 00 00 - unnamed 0x02 00 00 00 - empty 0x04 00 00 00 - never used; intended to mark instance as pointing to duplicate data rather than its own data 0x08 00 00 00 - instance's data is being used by duplicate instances as a source The first two of the following bits occur throughout the original .dat files. However these bits are ignored by the engine when loading data because they only have relevance during runtime, when Oni is in Tool mode: 0x00 00 10 00 - touched (unsaved data) 0x00 00 20 00 - "in batch file" 0x00 00 40 00 - delete upon next save	flags; possible values: 0x01 00 00 00 - unnamed 0x02 00 00 00 - empty 0x04 00 00 00 - never used; intended to mark instance as pointing to duplicate data rather than its own data 0x08 00 00 00 - instance's data is being used by duplicate instances as a source The Tool mode bits have been moved to the upper half of the flags byte (they are cleared altogether in the GDFX data, but this is their location in memory): 0x10 00 00 00 - touched (unsaved data) 0x20 00 00 00 - "in batch file" 0x40 00 00 00 - delete upon next save This frees up the three higher bytes for the data versioning timestamp: 0x00 00 00 00 - versioning timestamp – year 0x00 00 00 00 - versioning timestamp – month 0x00 00 00 00 - versioning timestamp – day

This descriptor tells us that a resource of type SUBT (a subtitle file for Oni; there are only two of these, one containing all speech subtitles, and one for help messages) has data that can be found 0x2230C8 bytes into the data table, which we learned from the file header starts at 0x03BCA0. Its name can be found 0xCB01 bytes into the name table that starts, according to the file header, at 0x28F240. The data's size is 0x09C0, or 2,496, bytes. The flags "unnamed" and "empty" require special explanation.

Unnamed and empty resources

You'll notice that the level file header lists fewer names (7,124) than instances (9,347). That's because there are 3 types of instance:

• Unnamed and not empty - they are only referenced by other instances in the same file, generally as child data (e.g., 3D geometry elements like ABNA are "contained" by AKEV, a level's environment).

  In vanilla Oni .dats there are some rare occurrences of unnamed non-empty orphan instances (e.g., TRCM). These are a form of garbage and are discarded by OniSplit when unpacking a level.

• Named and not empty - they can be referenced by other instances in any file and the engine can use their name or template tag to find them.
• Named and empty - "empty" instances are used in level-specific instance files (i.e. not in level0_Final.dat) to associate an instance ID with a name. For every empty resource, there's another one with a matching name in level0_Final.dat that has data in it. The empty resource in the instance file is (usually) looked up by ID, then the engine searches all the loaded files for a non-empty instance with the same name, causing it to find the actual file in the global data in level0_Final.dat.

Peeking at instance name

Before we talk about the name table in depth, we can peek ahead at the name of this resource using the offset we've just been given. Let's add the offset 0xCB01 to 0x28F240, the file header's address for the name table. This gives us the address 0x29BD41. There we find the string "SUBTsubtitles".

Peeking at instance data

The actual subtitle data should be found by adding the offset 0x2230C8 to 0x03BCA0, the file header's address for the data table, to get 0x25ED68. We're going to leave the full details of the data table for later, but below is the data you should actually see for the English Oni SUBT file at this address. You have to consult the SUBT page to know how to read this data.

Offset	Type	Raw Hex	Value	Description
0x08	char[16]	AD DE	dead	unused
0x18	offset	80 44 44 01	0x01444480	raw file data address
0x1C	int32	61 02 00 00	609	array size

After padding of 16 unused bytes, we find that, instead of data, there's an address of the actual data: it's in the level's raw file. Open level0_Final.raw and jump to address 0x01444480, and you should see "01_01_01 Griffin: Give me another reading.", and the rest of some very familiar dialogue continuing from there.

The array size of 609 tells the part of the engine that reads SUBT data to expect a chunk of 609 subtitled lines of dialogue.

Name descriptors

The name descriptor array starts immediately after the instance descriptors array. To find the end of the instance descriptors, we can simply take the size of an instance descriptor, 20 bytes, and multiply it by the number of instance descriptors in the file header. In this case, that means 20 * 9347 = 186940, or 0x02DA3C. Adding that to 0x40 (the start of the instance descriptors) takes us to address 0x02DA7C. Voila, the start of the name descriptors.

The name descriptor array stores the numbers of all named instances in alphabetical order. This allows the engine to do a binary search to quickly find instances by name. It is also used when finding instances by type. However the addresses of these instances in memory cannot be known until the file is loaded into RAM, so a space of 32 bits is reserved for that runtime pointer.

Offset	Type	Raw Hex	Value	Description
0x00	int32	15 16 00 00	5653	instance number
0x04	int32	60 2C 1C 0E	(garbage)	runtime: pointer to instance name

Template descriptors

Likewise, the template descriptor array starts directly after the name descriptors. Since name descriptors are 8 bytes, 8 * 7124 (taken from the header) = 56992, or 0xDEA0, and adding that to the name descriptor array's start address (0x02DA7C) gives us 0x03B91C as the start of the template descriptors.

The template descriptor array contains information about all templates (that is, resource types, AKA tags), used in the file (56 in this case, as we learned from the file header). Any resource occurring in this instance file has to have its type listed here. Here is the template descriptor at 0x3B9FC:

Offset	Type	Raw Hex	Value	Description
0x00	int64	3C B9 A6 71 08 00 00 00	0x871A6B93C	template checksum
0x08	tag	45 47 52 54	'EGRT'	template tag
0x0C	int32	01 00 00 00	1	number of resources in file that use this template

The template checksum is used to prevent loading of instance files that are not compatible with the current engine version. The tag is the same kind of number-written-as-backwards-ASCII that we discussed in the "Backwards and garbage data" section; in this case, 'EGRT' means TRGE. The number of resources is self-explanatory.

You might wonder how Oni knows how to read each type of data, such as a SUBT or an ABNA. The simple answer is that this information is hard-coded into Oni. In fact, the information on each instance type, as stored in Oni's code, is actually the real "template". The file data only gives the tag and checksum that refer to a certain template. Which types of data fields are encountered in which order is already known by Oni. These hardcoded templates also tell Oni which parts of the file data are reserved for pointers.

That's because an instance may have pointers to other related instances, but pointers are only valid in memory; they cannot be stored on disk. They must be set when the level data is loaded into memory and the address in RAM has been determined. So one type of data field in Oni's templates is a raw pointer; on Macs and the Windows demo, there is an additional "separate offset" type. The pointer and offset are 32 bits in length, as one must expect since Oni was compiled for 32-bit PCs.

Incidentally, the templates in Oni's code have not just the familiar four-character tags attached to them, but also a descriptive string, e.g. "BSP Tree Node Array". This is the source of the names on the File types page.

Data table

The data table stores all the instance data (or points to its actual location in a raw/separate file). We peeked at this before when we looked at the instance descriptor for SUBTsubtitles.

The start of each instance's record, the ID number, is always 32 byte-aligned. Thus, even though the template descriptors ended at 0x03BC9C, there are four empty bytes here so that the data table can begin at 0x03BCA0, which divides evenly by 32. This alignment also means that the instance-specific data will always be found at an offset like 0x0008, 0x0028, 0x0148 etc.

The instance ID and file ID are not actually part of the instance data, but are considered to be the resource header. The engine always keeps pointers to the start of the type-specific data itself; we saw this before when we jumped to 0x25ED68 and saw the data for the SUBT rather than the header for this data. The instance ID and file ID are accessed using negative offsets when needed (usually to find the name or template tag of an instance, given a pointer to it).

Offset	Type	Raw Hex	Value	Description
0x00	res_id	01 00 00 00	0	instance ID
0x04	lev_id	01 00 00 00	0	file ID
0x08	...	...	...	type-specific data...

The instance's ID is computed as:

(instance_descriptor_index << 8) | 1

The 1 allows the engine to know which IDs have already been converted to pointers (an instance pointer will always be 8 byte-aligned, so it will never have the zero bit already set).

The file ID is computed from the name of the instance file. For "_Final" files the file ID is computed as:

(level_number << 25) | 1

Again, the 1 allows the engine to know which file IDs have already been converted to pointers.

As you can see, after the header, the size of the actual instance data can be almost anything. Thus, we cannot compute the end of the data table in any simple way. That's why the instance file header explicitly gives us the address of the name table that comes after this.

By the way, how do we know which resource's data we're looking at in the data table? Let's look at the very first data, at 0x03BCA0. Noting that the first two numbers, the instance and file ID, do not count as data, there must be a resource with a data offset of 0x08, the lowest offset possible into the table. We can find this offset listed right at the start of the instance descriptor array:

Offset	Type	Raw Hex	Value	Description
0x00	tag	53 47 4E 4F	'ONGS'	template tag
0x04	int32	08 00 00 00	0x08	data offset (relative to data table)
0x08	int32	00 00 00 00	0x00	name offset (relative to name table)
0x0C	int32	60 0F 00 00	3936	data size
0x10	int32	00 00 00 00	0	flags

So this tells us that the first data in the data table belongs to the ONGS resource, and that it extends for 3,936 bytes.

Name table

The name table stores all the instance names as C-style strings (terminated by a zero byte). We peeked at this before when we looked at the instance descriptor for SUBTsubtitles.

Offset	Type	Raw Hex	Value	Description
0x00	string	53 55 ... 00	"SUBTsubtitles"	name string (zero-terminated)

These names can be up to 63 characters long, counting the tag. The instance file concludes with the end of the name table.