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{{Hatnote|For other articles under the name "Oni", see [[Oni (disambiguation)]].}}
'''Oni''' is an action video game developed by [[Bungie West]], a satellite studio of [[wp:Bungie|Bungie]], and released in the U.S. on January 29, 2001<!--
--><ref name="GOD release">[https://web.archive.org/web/20010617133132/http://www.godgames.com/main.php?section=news&page=press&pr=ONI_Ships Godgames.com, "Gathering of Developers Ships Oni Nationwide for the PC and Macintosh", Jan. 29, 2001]. This is referring to the U.S. release; see {{SectionLink||Release}} for info on other releases.</ref><!--
--><ref>[https://www.gamespot.com/articles/oni-receives-final-approval/1100-2676645/ GameSpot, "Oni Receives Final Approval", unknown date].</ref><!--
--> for Windows, Macintosh, and PlayStation 2. See [[Credits]] for a complete list of the names behind Oni as well as links to interviews with key members of the Oni team.
{{TOClimit|2}}
==Inspiration==
[[Image:Early Konoko 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Early concept art by [[Alex Okita]]. Under Konoko's eyes are what we would now call "SLD markings", indicating her cyborg nature at the start of the game's development.]]
Work on Oni began in 1997 when Bungie decided to found a second studio, Bungie West, with the initial employees being Brent Pease and Michael Evans. The concept for Bungie West's first project was devised by Pease, whose primary influence was the animé film ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]''.<!--
--><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20010302193919/http://www.insidemacgames.com/previews/99/oni/oni2.shtml Inside Mac Games, "Sneak Preview: Oni", 1999].</ref><!--
--> It took one year of conversation with Alex Seropian before the project was greenlit.<ref name="OBO Brent interview"/> Pease and Evans had been programmers at Apple working on game-related technology, so their first step was to begin programming Oni's engine while gradually hiring employees to produce concept art and game content. "Oni" was meant to be a development code name that referenced the game's inspiration – Pease considered ''oni'''s meaning to be "ghost".<ref name="OBO Brent interview"/><!--
--><ref group=note><cite class="note">However Hardy LeBel, the writer of the story, indicated [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=19851 here] and [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=18292 here] that he understood "oni" to mean "demon" and had written the final story with that in mind. The final story incorporates many elements of the mythical oni, as explored in {{SectionLink|Oni (myth)|Connections to the game}}.</cite></ref><!--
--><ref group=note><cite class="note">At one time during development, the name "Mnemonic Shadow" was considered according to the [https://marathon.bungie.org/story/newjan-feb01.html Marathon Story Page].</cite></ref><!--
--> The characters [[Konoko]] and [[Griffin|Commander Griffin]] of the Technology Crimes Task Force are analogous to [[wp:Motoko Kusanagi|Motoko Kusanagi]] and [[wp:List of Ghost in the Shell characters#Chief Daisuke Aramaki|Chief Aramaki]] of Section 9 in ''Ghost in the Shell''. Early development presented Konoko as a [[wp:Cyborg|cyborg]], furthering her resemblance to Motoko.


:''See [[Credits]] for a complete list of the names behind Oni as well as links to interviews with key members of the Oni team.''
Oni's concept artist [[Alex Okita]] cited ''[[Bubblegum Crisis]]'', ''Akira'' and ''[[Trigun]]'' as influences in addition to ''Ghost in the Shell''.<!--
--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170705124855/http://www.glixel.com/interviews/oni-bungies-classic-inspired-by-ghost-in-the-shell-w474297 Glixel, "Flashback: 'Oni', Bungie's Cult Classic Inspired by 'Ghost in the Shell'", Mar. 30, 2017].</ref><!--
--><ref>[http://oni.bungie.org/special/part1/alex.html Bungie.org, "Interview with Alex Okita", 1999].</ref><!--
--> He particularly cited Kenichi Sonoda, character designer of ''Bubblegum Crisis'', as an influence on his work.<!--
--><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20010118230100/http://www.onicore.com/interviews/alexokita.html OniCore, Interview with Alex Okita, 1999].</ref><!--
--> Later, [[Lorraine McLees]] also showed her familiarity with Sonoda and ''Ghost in the Shell'' creator Masamune Shirow in [[:Image:Konoko_Variants.jpg|a sketch]] showing Konoko in three different styles. In August of 1999, Hardy LeBel was brought in as Design Lead and revamped the story.<!--
--><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20010727151534/www.insidemacgames.com/features/00/lebel/ Inside Mac Games, "Interview: Oni's Hardy LeBel", 2000].</ref><!--
--> He cited ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'' as a personal influence when doing so.<!--
--><ref name="conquer">[https://web.archive.org/web/20041209033107/http://www.apple.com/games/articles/2001/02/oni/ Apple.com, "Conquering Demons: Bungie on Oni", Feb. 2001].</ref><!--
--><ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=4618 Oni Central Forum, "Re: The Analytical reasons behind Oni's influences", Sep. 2, 2000].</ref><!--
--> The final version of Oni abandoned the cyborg nature of the heroine and introduced original concepts such as the [[Daodan Chrysalis]] and [[SLD]]s.


''Further reading:'' [[Oni/Early Story|Early story]], [[Oni/Positioning|Positioning statement]], [[:Category:Concept art|Concept art]].


'''Oni''' was developed by [[Bungie West]], a satellite studio of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungie Bungie Studios], and released in January 2001 for Windows, Mac OS, and PlayStation 2.
==Hype==
[[Image:1998 trailer logo.jpg|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxJ8vp3vTW0|thumb|Click the image to watch the unofficial trailer that Bungie West released in 1998.]]
[[Image:1999 trailer opening.jpg|250px|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLZ2hJZvrmo|thumb|Click the image to watch the official trailer from 1999.]]
The earliest online hype came from the existing Bungie community.<!--
--><ref group=note><cite class="note">[https://marathon.bungie.org/story/newmay-june98.html Oni discussion] on the Marathon Story Page. Bungie fans first started talking about the newly-announced Oni (and the E3 1998 trailer) back in May-June 1998, unaware that it would not release for another two and a half years.</cite></ref><!--
--> As the Oni project gained popularity, a dedicated online community emerged in the form of Oni Central and the {{OCF}}.


Bungie West [[:Image:Sell sheet - features.jpg|initially promised]] various ambitious features such as human-like AI, sophisticated melee combat, realistic level architecture, complex particle dynamics, battles with a large mech (the "Iron Demon") and multiplayer capability. Two trailers were made for Oni, one in 1998 and one in 1999, reflecting the visions for the game during its time in development. These trailers and various screenshots were analyzed eagerly for evidence of Oni's ground-breaking features.


<div class="toclimit-2">
After E3 1999, Oni received the Game Critics Award for "Best Action/Adventure Game".<ref>[[wp:Game Critics Awards#Best Action/Adventure Game|Wikipedia, "Game Critics Awards"]].</ref> This award is given to games exhibited at that year's E3, which are usually still in development and expected to release soon.
__TOC__
</div>


==Development==
After an initial onslaught of advertising which saw Konoko appear on [[:Category:Advertisements and magazine covers|many gaming magazine covers]], Oni's development stalled (as discussed below), and Bungie suspended the advertising of the game so as not to expend their marketing budget before Oni was even released.<!--
[[Image:Early_Konoko_1.jpg|thumb|Concept art by [[Alex Okita]], before [[Lorraine Reyes]] was brought on-board to finalize Konoko's design. Under her eyes are what we would now call "SLD markings", indicating her cyborg nature during early production.]]
--><ref name="advert">[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=4570 Oni Central Forum, "Re: Matt- could you address this?", Aug. 29, 2000].</ref><!--
Work on Oni began in 1997 when Bungie decided to found a second studio, Bungie West. The concept for their first project was devised by Brent Pease and Michael Evans, whose primary influence was the animé film [[wikipedia:Ghost in the Shell (film)|''Ghost in the Shell'']]<ref>Pease discusses his role as Oni's creator and GitS' influence on the game [http://oni.bungie.org/special/part1/brent.html here].</ref>. Pease and Evans had been working at Apple on 3D game technology, and so their first step was to begin work on the engine, gradually hiring employees to produce concept art and author content for the game. The name "Oni" was originally intended only as a code name during development; Pease intended it to be a reference to their inspiration, believing its meaning to be "Ghost"<ref>The meaning of "oni" is usually given by those familiar with Japanese myths as either "demon" or "ogre". Pease explains the origin of the code name [http://oni.bungie.org/special/part1/brent.html here], and seems to still think the word means "ghost"; however, Hardy, his eventual replacement, indicates [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=19851 here] and [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=18292 here] that he understood "oni" to mean "demon" and had re-written the story with that in mind.</ref><ref>At one time during development, the name "Mnemonic Shadow" was considered. (http://marathon.bungie.org/story/newjan-feb01.html)</ref>.
--> At the same time, Bungie's HQ in Chicago had their own game under development; previously known only by its code name "Blam!", in 1999 it came to be known as "Halo" and slowly drew attention away from the oft-delayed Oni as images and trailers for it began to appear.


The designs for [[Konoko]] and Commander [[Griffin]] can be seen to resemble the characters of [[wikipedia:Motoko Kusanagi|Motoko Kusanagi]] and [[wikipedia:Daisuke Aramaki|Daisuke Aramaki]]. Early development even presented Konoko as a [[wikipedia:cyborg|cyborg]], which, together with the tech-crime-fighting setting, resembled the world of ''Ghost in the Shell''. In August of 1999, Hardy LeBel was brought in as Design Lead, and revamped the story<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20010727151534/www.insidemacgames.com/features/00/lebel/ IMG interview with Hardy LeBel].</ref>. The final version of Oni abandons the cyborg heroine and instead introduces original concepts such as [[Daodan]] and [[SLD]]s.
''Further reading:'' [[Trailers]], [[History of the Oni community]], [http://oni.bungie.org/special/ Oni Central interview with Bungie West], [http://web.archive.org/web/19990824063223/http://avault.com/previews/preview_temp.asp?game=oni&page=1 Adrenaline Vault interview with Doug Zartman].


Oni was originally expected to be released in the fourth quarter of 1999, but as that date approached, the release date was pushed back. This occurred repeatedly, until finally the rumored release date was as late as March 2001<ref>Discussions on [[OCF]] of: a [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=2533 fall 1999] release date, a [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=1129 summer 2000] release date, a [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=4084 fall 2000] release date, and finally a [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=4699 spring 2001] release date. These "release dates" were generally rumors, ephemeral dates used by online stores for pre-orders, or vague estimates by Bungie PR, not official statements. Nevertheless, it was clear that Oni was taking longer than planned to finish, which was a cause of some concern among Bungie fans.</ref>. Much of the uncertainty over Oni's status came from Bungie's well-known reluctance to disclose or adhere to fixed release dates. Some of the delay may have come from staff turnover and development issues; a Design Lead position was created in the summer of 1999 for newcomer Hardy LeBel, who immediately began rewriting the story. Pease left at the end of 1999 (with his Project Lead title being passed to Michael Evans) and Bungie West also lost one of their two level designers and replaced the AI programmer in the same six-month period between the summer and the end of 1999.
==Troubles==
Oni was originally expected to be released in the fourth quarter of 1999,<ref name="advert" /> but as that time approached, the release date was pushed back. This occurred repeatedly, until finally the rumored release date was as late as March 2001.<!--
--><ref group=note><cite class="note">Discussions on Oni Central Forum of: a [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=2533 fall 1999] release date, a [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=1129 summer 2000] release date, a [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=4084 fall 2000] release date, and finally a [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=4699 spring 2001] release date. These "release dates" were generally rumors, ephemeral dates used by online stores for pre-orders, or vague estimates by Bungie PR, not official statements. Nevertheless, it was clear that Oni was taking longer than planned to finish, which was a cause of some concern among Bungie fans.</cite></ref><!--
--> Some of the uncertainty came from Bungie's typical reluctance to announce or adhere to fixed release dates.


Possible additional factors in the delay were the introduction of a PS2 port to be released in tandem with Oni for Windows/Mac, part of a deal struck with Take-Two Interactive (T2) in August of 1999, and the acquisition of Bungie by Microsoft, which was announced in June of 2000 and which led to the acquisition of the Oni IP by Take-Two just as the game was finishing development. The details of the MS/T2 situation are explained in the "Post-release" section below.
However, unbeknownst to the public, development of Oni was troubled from the start. The team was young and inexperienced, and development suffered from a lack of direction. A great deal of code had been written and assets created without producing a story that was playable from start to finish. Transferring data from the professional software used for level modeling and animation into Oni wasn't even possible until the very end of 1997.<!--
--><ref group=note><cite class="note">"After almost a year all they had were some stick figures walking in a box; hardly a killer demo, much less a new frontier in gaming. […] Eventually, Brent had a 'eureka' - just before New Year's Eve 1998, he had a breakthrough. He was able to match the power of these professional tools with their new engine." [http://web.archive.org/web/20010302193919/http://www.insidemacgames.com/previews/99/oni/oni2.shtml Inside Mac Games, "Sneak Preview: Oni", 1999].</cite></ref><!--
--> By mid-1999 it became clear to management back in Chicago that the game was not going to be ready by year-end, so Hardy LeBel was added to the team with the goal of bringing focus to the development efforts and producing a shippable product.


''Further reading:'' [[Oni (myth)]], [[Oni/Early Story|Early Story]], [[Oni/Positioning|Positioning Statement]].
At the same time, turnover at the Bungie West office began with the departure of the AI programmer in the summer of 1999 (a replacement would not be hired until January 2000<ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=1808 Oni Central Forum, "I'm pretty sure Chris Butcher has joined Oni", Jan. 23, 2000].</ref>). The end of 1999 saw the departure of one of the level designers and then Brent Pease himself (with his Project Lead title being passed to Michael Evans).
<br clear="all" />


==Hype==
LeBel, Evans and the team began honing the gameplay, shaping the final story, and figuring out what features or content would have to be dropped in order to ship the game before it was too late; Bungie was secretly suffering from serious money problems (see {{SectionLink||Buyout}} below). In May of 2000, it was announced that multiplayer was being removed from the game due to latency issues and lack of time to create suitable arena levels for network play.
[[Image:1998 trailer opening.jpg|link=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxJ8vp3vTW0|thumb|Click the image to watch the unofficial trailer that Bungie West released in 1998.]]
 
[[Image:1999 trailer opening.jpg|link=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLZ2hJZvrmo|thumb|Click the image to watch the official trailer from 1999.]]
In June of 2000, it was announced that Bungie had been acquired by Microsoft. This caused an upset among Bungie's fan base, which mostly consisted of Mac users. They considered Microsoft to be Apple's nemesis, and now the company behind the upcoming Xbox console had taken the most popular game developer from the Mac world and would be incorporating them into their office complex. The effect of the acquisition on Oni's development was dire: it meant that Bungie West needed to finish their work as soon as possible and join the rest of Bungie in Redmond, Washington.
The earliest online hype came from the existing Bungie community, particularly Marathon fans<ref>[http://marathon.bungie.org/story/newmay-june98.html Oni discussion] on the Marathon Story Page. Bungie fans first started talking about the newly-announced Oni (and the E3 1998 trailer) back in May-June 1998, unaware that it would not release for another two and a half years.</ref>. As the Oni project gained popularity, a dedicated online community emerged in the form of Oni Central and the {{OCF}}.


Interviews conducted with the staff of Bungie West promised various ambitious features such as smart AI, sophisticated melee combat, realistic level architecture, complex particle dynamics, battles with a large mech (the "Iron Demon") and multiplayer abilities. Two trailers were made for Oni, one in 1998 and one in 1999, reflecting the visions for the game during its time in development. These trailers and various screenshots were analyzed eagerly for evidence of Oni's ground-breaking features.
In order to ship the game by year-end, the Bungie West staff worked massive overtime for several months straight.<!--
--><ref group=note><cite class="note">Michael Evans said, "Most of us were working 14 hours a day 7 days a week" in [https://web.archive.org/web/20010128191200/http://hypothermia.gamershardware.com/interviews/interview_oni.html this interview].</cite></ref><!--
--> During this "crunch" period, the unexpected departure of the graphics programmer led to his replacement and a minor overhaul of the graphics code.<!--
--><ref>[https://archive.is/njEe3#:~:text=Fun%20fact eBay, "Bungie Oni for Macintosh - Autographed", May 17, 2021]. Stefan tells the story in the Description section of the page.<!--By the way, we know that he replaced the previous programmer by August because that's when Stefan started asking questions on a 3D graphics forum about OpenGL ^_^ --></ref><!--
--> Technical and/or gameplay issues required all 14 levels to have their geometry significantly altered over the course of 7 months.<!--
--><ref name="conquer" /><!--
--><ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=19648 Oni Central Forum, "Re: Oni basic questionare", Jul. 6, 2002].</ref><!--
--><ref group=note><cite class="note">Also see [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v_elVuwx0c&t=698s Hardy LeBel, "Learn Level Design Class 9 - Integrating Game Mechanics", Dec. 17, 2016], at 11'38", where he talks about a "month of weekends" spent adding the [[Jello-cam|jello-fix boxes]].</cite></ref><!--
--> According to Hardy LeBel, "It was as bad a crunch as there has ever been in the video games industry."<!--
--><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbrPu15jjPs&t=960s mrixrt, "Bungie's Forgotten Franchise - Oni", Mar. 11, 2019], 16 minute mark.</ref><!--
--> It is only due to this final push that a playable and enjoyable game was forged out of their years of prior work.


At E3 1999, Oni received the Game Critics Award for "Best Action/Adventure Game", even though the game was still in pre-beta stage at that point.
==Completion==
[[Image:MG UK cover.jpg|thumb|250px|A preview of Oni from 1999. There was seemingly much more coverage of Oni in 1999 than when it released.]]
Oni went through a short period of beta testing, starting just before September 2000,<!--
--><ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=4556 Oni Central Forum, "New news groups?", Aug. 28, 2000].</ref><!--
--> during which leaked beta builds of the game surfaced on the Internet.<ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=6634 Oni Central Forum, "Leakage?", Nov. 27, 2000].</ref><!--
--><ref>[https://groups.google.com/g/alt.games.tombraider/c/vB9G_SbOrmU/m/i6D6zJQvNngJ Usenet alt.games.tombraider thread, "ok wtf!", Nov. 5, 2000].</ref><!--
--> As Bungie West reached the end of development, Oni's publisher, Take-Two Interactive, granted them an extra month to polish the game, even though it would mean missing the holiday season.<!--No official citation for this because it's in the private full interview video with Hardy, but see 33:48 in that video.--> This final period of asset development apparently spanned October 2000, during which time the training level was added.<!--
--><ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=5646 Oni Central Forum, "Re: is the "new' movie really the old trailer", Oct. 30, 2000]. Also, a gold master candidate produced on Oct. 30, 2000 already contained the training level. The timestamp on the Windows retail game data is Nov. 3, 2000, so all assets were done by that point.</ref>


Due to the delays in Oni's development, Bungie suspended the advertising of the game for a time<ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=4570 OCF post by Matt Soell, "Re: Matt- could you address this?"].</ref>, so as not to expend their budget before the game was even released. In the meantime, the game under development at Bungie's HQ in Chicago, which was previously known only by its code name "Blam", came to be known as Halo and slowly drew attention away from the oft-delayed Oni as images and trailers for it began to appear.
The Windows version was [[wikt:gold master|gold mastered]] in November 2000<!--
--><ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=6377 Oni Central Forum, "ONI gone GOLD", Nov. 20, 2000].</ref><!--
--> and the Mac version in December.<!--
--><ref name="Mac GM">See [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=7653 Oni Central Forum, "Re: It's coming... soon", Dec. 18, 2000], which showed that the Mac demo would not be ready until the Mac version of the game reached Gold Master status, and [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=8412 Oni Central Forum, "MAC DEMO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!", Dec. 22, 2000], celebrating the release of the demo. However, the official confirmation of Mac GM status didn't come [http://oni.bungie.org/newsarchives/2001/jan01.html#gold until Jan. 3, 2001].</ref><!--
--> The PlayStation 2 version was not GMed until January 22, 2001, one week before the release date that had been announced in November 2000.<!--
--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010128150200/http://www.dailyradar.com/news/game_news_6691.html Daily Radar, "Oni Gets SCEA's Approval ", Jan. 22, 2001].</ref><!--
--> The Windows demo, released in mid-December,<!--
--><ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=7479 Oni Central Forum, "ONI DEMO!", Dec. 17, 2000].</ref><!--
--> contained Chapters [[CHAPTER_01_._TRIAL_RUN|1]] and [[CHAPTER 04 . TIGER BY THE TAIL|4]]. A later demo was released with Chapters 1 and [[CHAPTER 02 . ENGINES OF EVIL|2]] instead. The Mac demo, released a few days after the original Windows demo,<ref name="Mac GM" /> only ever contained Chapters 1 and 4.


As Oni finally neared completion, Bungie resumed their advertising, now partnered with Take-Two, who were in the process of taking over the Oni [[wikipedia:Intellectual_property|IP]] as Bungie prepared to join Microsoft (see "Post-release" section below). Promotional artwork was produced by [[Lorraine|Lorraine Reyes McLees]] and a four-issue comic book was produced under T2's supervision and published by Dark Horse. T2's PR efforts, however, seem to have been focused mainly on the PS2 version of the game.
As Oni finally neared completion, Bungie resumed their advertising, now partnered with Take-Two, who were in the process of taking over the Oni [[wp:Intellectual property|IP]] as Bungie prepared to join Microsoft (see {{SectionLink||Buyout}} below). Promotional artwork was produced by Lorraine McLees as well as artists commissioned by Take-Two, and a four-issue comic book was produced under Take-Two's supervision and published by Dark Horse. Take-Two's PR efforts, however, seem to have been focused mainly on the PlayStation 2 version of the game.


''Further reading:'' [[Trailers]], [[History of the Oni community]], [http://oni.bungie.org/special/ Oni Central interview with Bungie West], [http://web.archive.org/web/200012061625/http://www.insidemacgames.com/features/00/dunn/ IMG interview with Dave Dunn], [http://web.archive.org/web/19990824063223/http://avault.com/previews/preview_temp.asp?game=oni&page=1 Adrenaline Vault interview with Doug Zartman], [[Dark_Horse_comics|Dark Horse's "Oni" comic]].
''Further reading:'' [[Mac beta 4|Leaked Mac beta]], [[Dark Horse comics|Dark Horse's ''Oni'' comic]], [[:Category:Promotional art|Promotional art]].
<br clear="all" />


==Release==
==Release==
[[Image:MG_UK_cover.jpg|thumb|A preview of Oni from 1999. There was seemingly much more coverage of Oni in 1999 than when it released.]]
Oni was finally released, much later than originally expected, on January 29, 2001 in the United States.<!--
After a short period of beta testing (starting just before September<ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=4556 OCF thread, "New news groups?"].</ref>), development of the Windows version was finished in November<ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=6377 OCF thread, "ONI gone GOLD"].</ref> and the Mac version in December 2000<ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=7653 OCF thread, "Re: It's coming... soon"], which showed that the Mac version would not reach GM until the demo came out; [http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=8412 OCF thread, "MAC DEMO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"], marking the release of the demo.</ref>. Oni was finally released, much later than originally expected, at the end of January 2001<ref>[http://oni.bungie.org/newsarchives/2001/jan01.html Oni Central News Archive, Jan. 2001].</ref> (possibly Spring 2001 in Europe). Oni was translated into other languages, including Russian, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Chinese and Japanese<ref>[http://oni.bungie.org/community/forum/viewtopic.php?id=2102 OCF thread, "What language is your copy of Oni in?"].</ref>. These localizations were critical to building Oni's fan base, which today is largely based outside of nominally English-speaking countries.
--><ref>[http://oni.bungie.org/newsarchives/2001/jan01.html Oni Central News Archive, Jan. 2001].</ref><!--
--> The game retailed in the U.S. for $39.95 on Macintosh and Windows and $49.95 on PlayStation 2,<!--
--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010205103400/http://store.bungie.com/info/80 Bungie Store: Oni Bundle]. The UK price seems to have been £30 per [https://web.archive.org/web/20010417161303/http://www.pcgamer.co.uk/games/gamefile_review_page.asp?item_id=6816 this review].</ref><!--
--> and was rated "T" for Teen by the [[wp:Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]].<ref name="GOD release" />
 
Oni was translated into other languages: Russian, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Chinese and Japanese.<!--
--><ref>[http://oni.bungie.org/forum/viewtopic.php?id=2102 Oni Central Forum, "What language is your copy of Oni in?", Sep. 2011].</ref><!--
--> These localizations included re-dubbed dialogue except for the Chinese localization which only translated the in-game text. The localizations were critical to building Oni's fan base, much of which is outside of primarily-English-speaking countries. Additional distributions of the game such as [[:Image:Windows (pt-BR) box back.jpg|Brazilian Portuguese]] and [[Slovak game manual|Slovak]] only translated the manual and did not change any of the data on the game disc. The European-language releases for Mac and PlayStation 2 were delayed until March 2001. The Japanese releases for Windows and Mac didn't come out until the fall of 2001.


Oni's storyline is fairly straightforward, although it has been called "understated". Because the story takes place over about a week and a half in the game's timeline, there is little room to develop the characters or setting, although large amounts of additional information are to be found in consoles scattered throughout the levels.
Oni's storyline is fairly straightforward, although it has been called "understated". Because the story takes place over about a week and a half in the game's timeline, there is little room to develop the characters or setting, although large amounts of additional information are to be found in consoles scattered throughout the levels.


The developers achieved a unique blend of gunplay and hand-to-hand combat, with fluid controls and a camera that ensures that the action is always visible. Gunplay is fairly standard for the action genre, with some added emphasis on realism (Konoko only carries one weapon at a time, and a gun's ammo is tracked persistently whether it is being handled by the player or an enemy).
The developers achieved a unique blend of gunplay and hand-to-hand combat, with fluid controls and a camera that ensures that the action is always visible. Gunplay is fairly standard for the action genre, with some added emphasis on realism (Konoko only carries one weapon at a time, and a gun's ammo is tracked persistently whether it is being handled by the player or an enemy). The melee component of the game is particularly complex, employing over 2000 animations, and is frequently the main element that fans point to when praising the uniqueness of the gameplay.


The melee component of the game is particularly complex, using over 2000 unique animations, and is frequently the main element that fans point to when praising the uniqueness of the gameplay (the short list of games with comparably deep melee includes [[GUNNM]], [[Lugaru]], and [[State of Emergency]]).
Oni uses an in-house graphics engine developed for this game; it was optimized for handling levels with larger indoor environments than typical games of the time. The levels were designed by actual architects, giving them a more realistic look than many contemporary game worlds. The texturing in the game is minimalist, a style chosen to try to match the look of [[Anime and manga|animé]].


Oni also uses a custom graphics engine optimized for handling levels with lots of open space, and the levels were designed by actual architects, giving them a much more realistic feel than many game worlds. The actual texturing in the game is minimalist, a style chosen to try to match the look of [[Anime and manga|animé]].
''Further reading:'' [[Gameplay]], [[Chapters|Plot summary]], [[Quotes/Consoles|Console text]].
 
''Further reading:'' [[Gameplay]], [[Chapters|Chapter Summaries]], [[Quotes/Consoles|Console Quotes]].


==Reception==
==Reception==
[[Image:ManPlant12.JPG|thumb|This environment once had much better lighting [[:Image:Ch._2_dynamo_room.jpg|than it does now]].]]
[[Image:ManPlant12.jpg|thumb|250px|This environment once had much better lighting [[:Image:Ch._2_dynamo_room.jpg|than it does now]].]]
[[Image:Oni_MP_at_MacWorld_NY_1999_2.jpg|thumb|The canceled multiplayer mode.]]
[[Image:Oni MP at MacWorld NY 1999 2.jpg|thumb|250px|The canceled multiplayer mode.]]
The overall consensus of the critical reviews was that the game was good, but not great; Oni has a [http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/oni?q=Oni metascore] of 73/100 from critics, but a 9.1/10 from the website's voters.
The overall consensus of the critical reviews was that the game was good, but not great; Oni has a [https://www.metacritic.com/game/oni-2001/ metascore] of 73/100 from critics, but an 8.4/10 from the website's voters.


Professional critics tended to dislike the ambitious melee element, complaining of counter-intuitive or unresponsive controls (if they found the game too hard), or the easily accessible basic combos (if they found the game too easy). Some reviewers were unimpressed by environment graphics that were not as rich as other games of the time (the simple look of Oni was partly due to the attempt to mimic animé backgrounds, and partly a result of the game mostly taking place in offices and other man-made, realistic structures).
Professional critics tended to dislike the ambitious melee element, complaining of counter-intuitive or unresponsive controls (if they found the game too hard), or the easily accessible basic combos (if they found the game too easy). Some reviewers were unimpressed by environmental graphics that were not as rich as other games of the time (the simple look of Oni was partly due to the attempt to mimic animé backgrounds, and partly a result of the game mostly taking place in offices and other real-world structures).


Upon Oni's release, many felt cheated because the game did not deliver on all of its promises (a [http://games.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=04/10/01/1651219&tid=211 not uncommon issue] in game development). The most notable shortcoming was the absence of LAN multiplayer, which had been demoed at hands-on booths at Macworld Expos in mid-1999 and early 2000.  In May of 2000, it was announced that multiplayer was being removed from the game due to concerns over latency issues.
Upon Oni's release, many felt cheated because the game did not deliver on all of its promises (a not-uncommon issue in game development). The most notable shortcoming was the absence of LAN multiplayer, which had been featured in playable demos at expo booths in 1999 and 2000.


Some previously-hyped features were missing, such as smart gunfire dodging and alarm behavior on the part of the AI. On the Oni Central Forum, Design Lead [[Credits|Hardy LeBel]] blamed this on Oni's original AI programmer, saying "She made a lot of boastful claims about what the AI would end up being able to do that she couldn't deliver on"<ref name=HL-cuts>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=19661 OCF post by Hardy LeBel, "Re: More questions... (mainly for chef...)"].</ref>. Interestingly, some hidden AI abilities have been found in Oni's engine, either disabled, slightly buggy, or not utilized by the game's mission scripts.
Some previously hyped features were missing, such as the AI characters being able to dodge gunfire and work together. This was attributed to the turnover in the AI engineering position after the original programmer was not able to complete all the tasks in the timeframe that she stated she would.<!--
--><ref name="HL cuts">[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=19661 Oni Central Forum, "Re: More questions... (mainly for chef...)", Jul. 7, 2002].</ref><!--
--> (However some hidden AI abilities have been found in Oni's engine, either disabled, unfinished, or not utilized by the game's mission scripts.)


Some of the game's content was cut as well. This included at least one entire level ([[BGI|BGI HQ]]), and the highly anticipated [[Iron Demon]], the large mech shown in-game in the 1999 trailer. Gaps in the numbering of the [[GameDataFolder|game files]] led fans to believe that at least five chapters were cut before release, but, besides the BGI HQ level that was cut from the story, this was simply due to content that was moved around or consolidated into other levels<ref name=HL-cuts />.
Some of the game's content was cut as well. This included an entire planned level ([[BGI|BGI HQ]]) and the highly anticipated [[Iron Demon]], the large mech shown in-game in the 1999 trailer. Gaps in the numbering of the [[GameDataFolder|game files]] led fans to believe that at least five chapters were cut before release, but this was mainly due to content that was moved around or consolidated into fewer levels.<ref name="HL cuts" />


Finally, Bungie did not hold to their usual practice of releasing level-building tools for their games, since a professional and costly CAD program was used to produce Oni's levels<ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=2321 OCF post by Matt Soell, "Re: general questions...."].</ref>. As Oni's release neared, it was pointed out by Matt Soell, Bungie's PR person, that since Bungie no longer owned the game, they were unable to release whatever supplementary tools had been developed. Early statements about releasing the file formats were probably also impossible to follow through on once ownership had transferred to Take-Two. This factor, coupled with the lack of multiplayer, meant that Oni's full potential was not obvious.
Finally, Bungie did not hold to their usual practice of releasing level-building tools for their games, since professional and costly software was used to produce Oni's levels:
3D Studio MAX ($3,495)<!--
--><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100724143804/http://area.autodesk.com/maxturns20/history Autodesk AREA, "History of Autodesk 3ds Max", 2010]</ref><!--
ARTICLE--> and the Character Studio plugin ($1,500)<!--
--><ref>[https://www.jerrypournelle.com/computing/january99.html Jerry Pournelle, "Computing at Chaos Manor", Jan. 1999].</ref><!--
ARTICLE--> for character modeling and animation,<!--
--><ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=2805 Oni Central Forum, "Re: Professional Tools (doh)"].</ref><!--
--><ref name="OBO Brent interview">[http://oni.bungie.org/special/part1/brent.html Bungie.org, "Interview with Brent Pease", 1999].</ref><!--
ARTICLE--> AutoCAD ($3,750)<!--
--><ref>[https://2d3danima.com/autocad-history 2D, 3D & Animation, "AutoCAD History", Jan. 4, 2020], [https://www.shapr3d.com/history-of-cad/autodesk-and-autocad History of CAD, "Autodesk and AutoCAD", Mar. 27, 2023].</ref><!--
--><ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=5996 Oni Central Forum, "Re: Really?", Nov. 13, 2000].</ref><!--
ARTICLE--> for use by the architects in modeling the levels,<!--
--><ref name="OBO Brent interview"/><!--
--><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20010302193919/http://www.insidemacgames.com/previews/99/oni/oni2.shtml Inside Mac Games, "Sneak Preview: Oni", 1999].</ref><!--
ARTICLE--> and Lightscape ($500)<!--
--><ref>[https://techmonitor.ai/technology/lightscape_upgrades_3d_graphics_visualization_tools Computer Business Review, "Lightscape Upgrades 3d Graphics Visualization Tools", Feb. 3, 1997].</ref><!--
ARTICLE--> for calculating the radiosity lighting solutions.<!--
--><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20000817001446/http://www.insidemacgames.com/features/00/dunn/p2.shtml Inside Mac Games, "Interview: Oni Level Designer David Dunn"].</ref><!--
ARTICLE--> There was a plan to release the file formats and the conversion tools that Bungie West developed,<!--
--><ref name="OBO Brent interview"/><!--
ARTICLE--> but as Oni's release neared, it was pointed out by Matt Soell, Bungie's PR person, that since ownership had transferred to Take-Two, Bungie could not release these things.<!--
--><ref>[http://carnage.bungie.org/oniforum/oni.forum.pl?read=5185 Oni Central Forum, "Re: Ok Matt, you knew we'd ask...", Oct. 5, 2000].</ref><!--
ARTICLE--> Thus, it was left to the fans to create modding tools after investigating the inner workings of the game on their own.


Thus, it was left to the fans to create their own modding tools, after investigating the inner workings of the game on their own.
''Further reading:'' [[Pre-beta content]], [[Pre-beta features]], [[Reviews]], [[Multiplayer]].
{{clearall}}
==Buyout==
{{Quotebox|title=Take-Two 10-K (1999)|width=365px|quote="In November 1999, we acquired 19.9% of the outstanding capital stock of Bungie Software Products Corporation for $5 million, of which $4 million was paid and $1 million is payable in May 2000. Bungie is a leading developer of software games for the PC platform."}}
{{Quotebox|title=Take-Two 10-K (2000)|width=365px|quote="In June 2000, the Company sold its 19.9% equity interest in Bungie Software (“Bungie”) to Microsoft Corporation for approximately $5,000[,000] in cash. The Company did not realize any gain or loss on this transaction. Separately, the Company sold its exclusive Halo publishing and distribution rights to Bungie for $4,000[,000] in cash, a royalty free license to Bungie’s Halo technology in connection with the development of two original products and all right, title and interest to the Myth franchise and the PC and PlayStation(R) 2 game,
Oni. The Company recorded this transaction as net sales of $5,500[,000] after giving effect to the receipt of $9,000[,000] in cash and $5,800[,000] of assets (consisting of $2,800[,000] relating to Oni, $1,500[,000] relating to Myth and $1,500[,000] relating to the license to use Halo game engine technology for two original products), net of $9,300[,000] of assets sold."}}
Bungie had seemed to enjoy great success as an independent publisher ever since they released [[wp:Pathways into Darkness|Pathways into Darkness]] in 1993. However, Bungie was initially a Macintosh developer, and even their domination of the Mac's small game industry meant limited success in real financial terms<!--
--><ref group=note><cite class="note">Dean Takahashi's book "Opening the Xbox" claims on [https://web.archive.org/web/20210324173502/https://books.google.com/books?ei=A1mlT672KIG29QSbz-HyDQ&id=sJi2AAAAIAAJ&dq=Opening+the+xbox&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Bungie page 238] that a Bungie game never sold more than 200,000 units, but that number is based on a misunderstanding, because the Chicago Reader article below talks about an ''initial shipment'' of Myth II numbering 200,000 units, and also states that the first Myth game sold 300,000 copies total.<!--Alex Seropian also told me personally that Marathon sold over 1 million copies, but I have no citation for that except a screenshot taken on Discord :-) --Iritscen--></cite></ref><!--
--> (though Bungie also began porting their games to Windows starting with Marathon 2). Bungie took advantage of their indie status to avoid the strict deadlines which are normally enforced by video game publishers, refusing to release their games until they were totally satisfied with them.


''Further reading:'' [[Multiplayer]], [[Pre-beta content]], [[Pre-beta features]], [[Reviews]], [[History of Oni modding]].
It is believed that Bungie began suffering from a shortage of cash around 1998 when the [[Myth]] II uninstaller bug was discovered and cost them at least $800,000 to correct.<ref>[https://chicagoreader.com/news-politics/monsters-in-a-box/ Chicago Reader, "Monsters in a Box", Mar. 23, 2000].</ref> This might have been difficult to absorb for a studio not accustomed to a disciplined release schedule. The next game to release after Myth II was to be Oni in 1999, but as Oni's release date began to slip further and further, it became clear that Bungie had underestimated the time required to finish the game by more than usual. In the meantime, Bungie was bankrolling two studios instead of one. Thus, the decision was made to partner with Take-Two Interactive; on August 13, 1999, it was announced that Take-Two would acquire 19.9% of Bungie in exchange for the publishing rights to Oni and Halo.<ref>[https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/946581/0000891554-00-000145.txt SEC 10-K filing for Take-Two Interactive, Oct. 31, 1999].</ref> Take-Two also began work on a port of Oni for the upcoming PlayStation 2 console.
<br clear="all" />


==Post-release==
This deal didn't seem to change business much for Bungie, especially since another studio was performing the PlayStation 2 port. But considerably more shocking news was revealed on June 19, 2000, when Bungie announced its acquisition by Microsoft.<!--
''Oni and the makers of Oni went their separate ways. First we look at the direction Bungie took, then we come back to the game.''<br>
--><ref>[https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/06/20/microsoft-buys-bungie-take-two-buys-oni-ps2-situation-unchanged IGN, "Microsoft Buys Bungie, Take Two Buys Oni, PS2 Situation Unchanged", Jun. 19, 2000].</ref><!--
===Bungie===
--> It turned out that Bungie's monetary woes had not been solved by Take-Two's influx of cash, and so Peter Tamte, Bungie's executive vice president, had been tasked with finding a buyer for the company. Take-Two acquired (among other things) all rights to the Oni and Myth IPs in exchange for its stake in Bungie and its publishing rights for Halo. Take-Two valued the Oni IP at $2.8 million, and the Myth IP at $1.5 million.<!--
Bungie had seemed to enjoy great success as an independent publisher ever since they released [[wikipedia:Pathways into Darkness|Pathways into Darkness]] in 1993. However, Bungie was initially a Macintosh developer, and the Mac's limited market share meant that their sales never went above 200,000 units<ref>"200,000 units" figure taken from [http://books.google.com/books?ei=A1mlT672KIG29QSbz-HyDQ&id=sJi2AAAAIAAJ&dq=Opening+the+xbox&q=200%2C000#search_anchor page 238] of Dean Takahashi's book "Opening the Xbox", which also provided some of the details for the Apple story given below.</ref>, even after releasing [[wikipedia:Marathon Trilogy|Marathon 2]] for both Mac and Windows. Bungie also took advantage of their indie status to reject the strict deadlines which are normally enforced by video game publishers, refusing to release their games until they were completely finished.
--><ref>[https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/946581/000112528202003845/b320556.htm SEC 10-K filing for Take-Two Interactive, Oct. 31, 2002].</ref><!--
--><ref group=note><cite class="note">The sale of Bungie to Microsoft has an interesting historical footnote: according to Ed Fries, who was VP of game publishing at Microsoft, Steve Jobs angrily called MS CEO Steve Ballmer immediately after the Bungie acquisition was announced; sources within Bungie have stated that Apple themselves had been close to offering to buy Bungie at the time. In order to appease Apple (a business partner of Microsoft) over the loss of a major Mac game developer, Microsoft helped form a new company which would publish a Mac port of Halo as well as other games. It was named Destineer, and headed up by none other than Peter Tamte of Bungie. Destineer would go on to publish a port of Halo for the Mac in 2003. (sources: [http://web.archive.org/web/20210116004457/https://www.mcvuk.com/business-news/publishing/steve-jobs-raged-at-microsoft-over-game-studio-sale/], [http://web.archive.org/web/20201001195523/https://www.mcvuk.com/development-news/ex-bungie-dev-apple-got-close-to-buying-us/], [https://web.archive.org/web/20181019075755/http://www.insidemacgames.com/features/view.php?ID=173], [https://www.vice.com/en/article/xwqjg3/the-complete-untold-history-of-halo-an-oral-history])</cite></ref>


It is believed that Bungie began suffering from a shortage of cash around 1998 when the Myth II uninstaller bug was discovered and cost them at least $1 million to correct<ref>See Bungie's 20th Anniversary documentary, ''[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtG6--4r_qk O Brave New World]'', 6 minute mark.</ref>. This might have been difficult to absorb for a studio not accustomed to a disciplined release schedule. The next game to release after Myth II was to be Oni in 1999, but as Oni's release date began to slide more and more, it became clear that Bungie had underestimated the time required to finish the game by more than usual. In the meantime, Bungie was bankrolling two studios instead of one. Thus, the decision was made to partner with Take-Two Interactive; on August 13, 1999, it was announced that Take-Two had acquired 19.9% of Bungie's shares in exchange for (1) payments to Bungie of $4 million now and $1 million the next year, (2) the North America publishing rights to Oni, Myth, and two additional future titles for the PC, and (3) publishing rights for a PlayStation 2 port of Oni (and console versions of future, unannounced Bungie games)<ref>[http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/946581/0000891554-00-000145.txt SEC 10-K filing for Take-Two Interactive, 10/31/99].</ref>.
The acquisition of Bungie by Microsoft also meant the dissolution of Bungie West as Bungie moved all their employees to a single office in Redmond, Washington. Some Oni developers stayed with Bungie and went on to contribute to the Halo series, such as LeBel, while some left to join or start other game studios.


This deal didn't seem to change business much for Bungie, but considerably more shocking news was revealed on June 19, 2000, when Bungie announced its acquisition by Microsoft. It turned out that Bungie's monetary woes had not been solved by T2's influx of cash, and so MacSoft founder Peter Tamte had been hired by Bungie to find a buyer for the company. Bungie worked out the following deal with Take-Two in order to be free to join Microsoft: T2 sold its 19.9% stake of Bungie to MS for its original purchase price of $5 million; T2 then traded its publishing rights for Halo back to Bungie for (1) $4 million in cash, (2) a license to use the Halo engine to make two future titles, and (3) for full "right, title and interest" to the Myth franchise and Oni. T2 valued the IP acquisition of Oni at $2.8 million, and the Myth IP and Halo engine license at $1.5 million each.<ref>[http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/946581/000112528202003845/b320556.htm SEC 10-K filing for Take-Two Interactive, 10/31/02].</ref><ref>The sale of Bungie to Microsoft has an interesting historical footnote: according to Ed Fries, who was VP of game publishing at Microsoft, Steve Jobs angrily called Steve Ballmer immediately after the Bungie acquisition was announced; sources within Bungie state that Apple themselves had been close to offering to buy Bungie at the time. In order to appease Apple (a business partner of Microsoft) over the loss of a major Mac game developer, a new company was formed to port Windows games to the Mac, named Destineer, and headed up by none other than Peter Tamte of Bungie. Destineer would go on to port Halo to the Mac in 2003. ([http://www.develop-online.net/news/36173/Steve-Jobs-raged-at-Microsoft-over-game-studio-sale], [http://www.develop-online.net/news/36183/Ex-Bungie-dev-Apple-got-close-to-buying-us], [http://www.insidemacgames.com/features/view.php?ID=173])</ref>
''Further reading:'' [[Rights]].


The acquisition of Bungie by Microsoft also meant the dissolution of Bungie West as Bungie moved their employees to Redmond, Washington. Some Oni developers stayed with Bungie and went on to work on the Halo series, while others ended up at independent game studios, such as Giant Bite (co-founded by Chu & Evans) and Tyrant Studios (founded by LeBel).
==Sequel==
[[Image:WAP_Cell_Oni_-_Konoko.jpg|thumb|Nobody expected Oni for the cell phone!]]
[[Image:Oni 2 - Initial Attack.jpg|thumb|An uncompleted level from Oni 2.]]
In October of 2007, Bungie separated from Microsoft and moved from Redmond to the nearby city of Kirkland.
Clearly Take-Two expected big things from Oni (see their valuation of Oni above, as well as their promotional efforts under {{SectionLink||Hype}}). They had assigned Rockstar Canada (now known as Rockstar Toronto) to start work on a PlayStation 2 port of Oni in 1999, and it was released alongside the Windows and Mac versions of Oni; however, the port is regarded as an inferior version of the game due to technical limitations and control issues.


===Oni===
At first, Take-Two seemed intent on investing in Oni as a franchise. Shortly after Oni's release, a simple game billed as an Oni prequel (developed by Quantum Sheep) was released for [[wp:Wireless Application Protocol|WAP]]-enabled cell phones.<!--
Clearly Take-Two expected big things from Oni (see their valuation of Oni above, as well as their promotional efforts under the "Hype" section). They had assigned Rockstar Toronto to work on a PS2 port of Oni around the end of 1999, and released it alongside the Windows and Mac versions of Oni; however, the port was considered to be an inferior version of the game due to technical limitations and control issues.
--><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20020221045402/http://www.fgnonline.com/pc/news/17352.html Fastest Game News Online, "Oni Prequel Announced", Feb. 6, 2001].</ref><!--
--> More significantly, it was rumored<!--
--><ref>[http://oni.bungie.org/newsarchives/2001/apr01.html Oni Central News, Apr. 1, 2001].</ref><!--
--> that Take-Two had put Oni 2 into production at Angel Studios; however, no sequel was ever officially announced. In 2016, an actual development build of the cancelled game was leaked.<!--
--><ref>Documented by the game preservation YouTube channel PtoPOnline [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZItobLIJJMY here].</ref><!--
--> Interviews with former employees of Angel Studios revealed that the game had been in development for about two years without a clear direction, and the troubled project was finally cancelled when the studio was acquired by Rockstar in 2002 and renamed Rockstar San Diego.


At first, Take-Two seemed intent on investing in Oni as a franchise. Shortly after Oni's release, a simple game billed as an Oni prequel<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20020221045402/http://www.fgnonline.com/pc/news/17352.html Fastest Game News Online, "Oni Prequel Announced"].</ref> (developed by Quantum Sheep) was released for [[wikipedia:Wireless_Application_Protocol|WAP]]-enabled cell phones. It was then rumored around April of 2001 that T2 intended to make an Oni 2<ref>[http://oni.bungie.org/newsarchives/2001/apr01.html Oni Central News Archives, Apr. 2001].</ref> (developed for PS2 by Angel Games<ref>[http://kotaku.com/314074/joust-3d-cancelled-and-other-secrets?tag=gamingjuicy Kotaku article, "Joust 3D Cancelled, And Other 'Secrets'"].</ref>, later known as Rockstar San Diego), but the game was apparently canceled at an early stage of development, possibly because Oni itself did not meet T2's expected sales quotas.
''Further reading:'' [[Oni (PlayStation 2)]], [[Oni 2 (Angel Studios)]], [[:Category:Oni (WAP) game images|Oni (WAP version)]].
{{clearall}}


Since Oni's release, the fan community has been working on [[wikipedia:Mod_(computer_gaming)|mods]] and writing gameplay and modding tools for the game. Gradually, the modding abilities of the community have extended to encompass nearly every aspect of the game. The game apps on Windows and Mac are also maintained and improved through patches.
==Future==
 
[[Image:Valentine - textless.jpg|thumb|Many players still fondly remember Oni.]]
''Further reading:'' [[Anniversary Edition]], [[:Category:Gameplay tools|Gameplay tools]], [[Modding Oni]].
Take-Two has sold off some dormant franchises to outside developers, although Oni is not one of them. Upon the separation of Bungie from Microsoft in 2007, there was fervent speculation about Bungie returning to their older franchises. In an interview, Bungie's CEO at the time, Harold Ryan, was asked specifically about Oni:
<br clear="all" />
 
==The future of the property==
Take-Two has sold off some dormant franchises to outside developers, although there is no evidence that Oni is one of them. Upon the separation of Bungie from Microsoft, there was fervent speculation about Bungie returning to their older franchises (since, after all, Bungie could buy back an IP from Take-Two if they desired). In an interview, Bungie's CEO, Harold Ryan, was asked specifically about Oni:


:;4Players
:;4Players
::Since we're on the subject of strong franchises: is there perhaps a chance to bring back Oni?<!--"Strong franchises"... I guess that's some kind of joke? :-\ -Iritscen-->
::Since we're on the subject of strong franchises: is there perhaps a chance to bring back Oni?<!--"Strong franchises"... I guess that's some kind of joke? :-\ -Iritscen-->
:;Harold Ryan
:;Harold Ryan
::(laughs) Oni isn't currently one of those projects we're looking at, but one should never say never.<br> We'd be happy to work with the individuals who made Oni.<ref>[http://nikon.bungie.org/misc/trans/4players_hr_sk_interview.html 4players.de interviews Shane Kim and Harold Ryan (translated)].</ref>
::(laughs) Oni isn't currently one of those projects we're looking at, but one should never say never.<br> We'd be happy to work with the individuals who made Oni.<ref>[http://nikon.bungie.org/misc/trans/4players_hr_sk_interview.html 4players.de interviews Shane Kim and Harold Ryan, Oct. 5, 2007] (translated from [https://www.4players.de/4players.php/dispbericht/Allgemein/Special/1846/5870/0/Microsoft.html original]).</ref>
 
One thing is certain: the current Bungie staff has little in common with the group that produced Oni (there is only one Oni developer still working at Bungie – Chris Butcher – as of October 2023). There is probably little sentimental or monetary incentive for Bungie to buy back the IP and produce a sequel.


One thing is certain: the current Bungie staff has little in common with the Bungie West that produced Oni (there are seven Oni developers<ref>The employees in Oni's credits that [http://www.bungie.net/Inside/teamindex.aspx still work] at Bungie are Butcher, Dunn, the McLees, Marty O'Donnell, Staten and Wu. Only Butcher and Wu actually worked at Bungie West.</ref> still working at Bungie as of May 2012). There is probably little sentimental or monetary incentive for Bungie to produce a sequel. Furthermore, it was announced in May 2010 that Bungie was developing [[wikipedia:Destiny_(video_game)|a new IP]], to be published by Activision under a ten-year contract.
Since Oni's release, the fan community has been working on [[wp:Video game modding|mods]] and writing gameplay and modding tools for the game. Gradually the modding abilities of the community have extended to nearly every aspect of the game. The game applications for Windows and macOS are also maintained and improved through patches. Various fan projects have taken on the subject of an "Oni 2" storyline.


However, there are fan projects which may or may not become unofficial "Oni 2"s.
''Further reading:'' [[History of Oni modding]], [[Anniversary Edition]], [[:Category:Gameplay tools|Gameplay tools]], [[:Category:Modding_tools|Modding tools]], [[:Category:Patches|Engine patches]], [[Oni 2|Oni 2 (fanon)]].


''Further reading:'' [[Rights]], [[Oni 2]].
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==References==
==References==
===Footnotes===
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===Citations===
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[[Category:Oni history]]
[[Category:Oni history]]

Revision as of 15:28, 13 April 2024

Windows (UK) box art - front.jpg
For other articles under the name "Oni", see Oni (disambiguation).

Oni is an action video game developed by Bungie West, a satellite studio of Bungie, and released in the U.S. on January 29, 2001[1][2] for Windows, Macintosh, and PlayStation 2. See Credits for a complete list of the names behind Oni as well as links to interviews with key members of the Oni team.

Inspiration

Early concept art by Alex Okita. Under Konoko's eyes are what we would now call "SLD markings", indicating her cyborg nature at the start of the game's development.

Work on Oni began in 1997 when Bungie decided to found a second studio, Bungie West, with the initial employees being Brent Pease and Michael Evans. The concept for Bungie West's first project was devised by Pease, whose primary influence was the animé film Ghost in the Shell.[3] It took one year of conversation with Alex Seropian before the project was greenlit.[4] Pease and Evans had been programmers at Apple working on game-related technology, so their first step was to begin programming Oni's engine while gradually hiring employees to produce concept art and game content. "Oni" was meant to be a development code name that referenced the game's inspiration – Pease considered oni's meaning to be "ghost".[4][note 1][note 2] The characters Konoko and Commander Griffin of the Technology Crimes Task Force are analogous to Motoko Kusanagi and Chief Aramaki of Section 9 in Ghost in the Shell. Early development presented Konoko as a cyborg, furthering her resemblance to Motoko.

Oni's concept artist Alex Okita cited Bubblegum Crisis, Akira and Trigun as influences in addition to Ghost in the Shell.[5][6] He particularly cited Kenichi Sonoda, character designer of Bubblegum Crisis, as an influence on his work.[7] Later, Lorraine McLees also showed her familiarity with Sonoda and Ghost in the Shell creator Masamune Shirow in a sketch showing Konoko in three different styles. In August of 1999, Hardy LeBel was brought in as Design Lead and revamped the story.[8] He cited Neon Genesis Evangelion as a personal influence when doing so.[9][10] The final version of Oni abandoned the cyborg nature of the heroine and introduced original concepts such as the Daodan Chrysalis and SLDs.

Further reading: Early story, Positioning statement, Concept art.

Hype

Click the image to watch the unofficial trailer that Bungie West released in 1998.
Click the image to watch the official trailer from 1999.

The earliest online hype came from the existing Bungie community.[note 3] As the Oni project gained popularity, a dedicated online community emerged in the form of Oni Central and the Oni Central Forum.

Bungie West initially promised various ambitious features such as human-like AI, sophisticated melee combat, realistic level architecture, complex particle dynamics, battles with a large mech (the "Iron Demon") and multiplayer capability. Two trailers were made for Oni, one in 1998 and one in 1999, reflecting the visions for the game during its time in development. These trailers and various screenshots were analyzed eagerly for evidence of Oni's ground-breaking features.

After E3 1999, Oni received the Game Critics Award for "Best Action/Adventure Game".[11] This award is given to games exhibited at that year's E3, which are usually still in development and expected to release soon.

After an initial onslaught of advertising which saw Konoko appear on many gaming magazine covers, Oni's development stalled (as discussed below), and Bungie suspended the advertising of the game so as not to expend their marketing budget before Oni was even released.[12] At the same time, Bungie's HQ in Chicago had their own game under development; previously known only by its code name "Blam!", in 1999 it came to be known as "Halo" and slowly drew attention away from the oft-delayed Oni as images and trailers for it began to appear.

Further reading: Trailers, History of the Oni community, Oni Central interview with Bungie West, Adrenaline Vault interview with Doug Zartman.

Troubles

Oni was originally expected to be released in the fourth quarter of 1999,[12] but as that time approached, the release date was pushed back. This occurred repeatedly, until finally the rumored release date was as late as March 2001.[note 4] Some of the uncertainty came from Bungie's typical reluctance to announce or adhere to fixed release dates.

However, unbeknownst to the public, development of Oni was troubled from the start. The team was young and inexperienced, and development suffered from a lack of direction. A great deal of code had been written and assets created without producing a story that was playable from start to finish. Transferring data from the professional software used for level modeling and animation into Oni wasn't even possible until the very end of 1997.[note 5] By mid-1999 it became clear to management back in Chicago that the game was not going to be ready by year-end, so Hardy LeBel was added to the team with the goal of bringing focus to the development efforts and producing a shippable product.

At the same time, turnover at the Bungie West office began with the departure of the AI programmer in the summer of 1999 (a replacement would not be hired until January 2000[13]). The end of 1999 saw the departure of one of the level designers and then Brent Pease himself (with his Project Lead title being passed to Michael Evans).

LeBel, Evans and the team began honing the gameplay, shaping the final story, and figuring out what features or content would have to be dropped in order to ship the game before it was too late; Bungie was secretly suffering from serious money problems (see § Buyout below). In May of 2000, it was announced that multiplayer was being removed from the game due to latency issues and lack of time to create suitable arena levels for network play.

In June of 2000, it was announced that Bungie had been acquired by Microsoft. This caused an upset among Bungie's fan base, which mostly consisted of Mac users. They considered Microsoft to be Apple's nemesis, and now the company behind the upcoming Xbox console had taken the most popular game developer from the Mac world and would be incorporating them into their office complex. The effect of the acquisition on Oni's development was dire: it meant that Bungie West needed to finish their work as soon as possible and join the rest of Bungie in Redmond, Washington.

In order to ship the game by year-end, the Bungie West staff worked massive overtime for several months straight.[note 6] During this "crunch" period, the unexpected departure of the graphics programmer led to his replacement and a minor overhaul of the graphics code.[14] Technical and/or gameplay issues required all 14 levels to have their geometry significantly altered over the course of 7 months.[9][15][note 7] According to Hardy LeBel, "It was as bad a crunch as there has ever been in the video games industry."[16] It is only due to this final push that a playable and enjoyable game was forged out of their years of prior work.

Completion

A preview of Oni from 1999. There was seemingly much more coverage of Oni in 1999 than when it released.

Oni went through a short period of beta testing, starting just before September 2000,[17] during which leaked beta builds of the game surfaced on the Internet.[18][19] As Bungie West reached the end of development, Oni's publisher, Take-Two Interactive, granted them an extra month to polish the game, even though it would mean missing the holiday season. This final period of asset development apparently spanned October 2000, during which time the training level was added.[20]

The Windows version was gold mastered in November 2000[21] and the Mac version in December.[22] The PlayStation 2 version was not GMed until January 22, 2001, one week before the release date that had been announced in November 2000.[23] The Windows demo, released in mid-December,[24] contained Chapters 1 and 4. A later demo was released with Chapters 1 and 2 instead. The Mac demo, released a few days after the original Windows demo,[22] only ever contained Chapters 1 and 4.

As Oni finally neared completion, Bungie resumed their advertising, now partnered with Take-Two, who were in the process of taking over the Oni IP as Bungie prepared to join Microsoft (see § Buyout below). Promotional artwork was produced by Lorraine McLees as well as artists commissioned by Take-Two, and a four-issue comic book was produced under Take-Two's supervision and published by Dark Horse. Take-Two's PR efforts, however, seem to have been focused mainly on the PlayStation 2 version of the game.

Further reading: Leaked Mac beta, Dark Horse's Oni comic, Promotional art.

Release

Oni was finally released, much later than originally expected, on January 29, 2001 in the United States.[25] The game retailed in the U.S. for $39.95 on Macintosh and Windows and $49.95 on PlayStation 2,[26] and was rated "T" for Teen by the ESRB.[1]

Oni was translated into other languages: Russian, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Chinese and Japanese.[27] These localizations included re-dubbed dialogue except for the Chinese localization which only translated the in-game text. The localizations were critical to building Oni's fan base, much of which is outside of primarily-English-speaking countries. Additional distributions of the game such as Brazilian Portuguese and Slovak only translated the manual and did not change any of the data on the game disc. The European-language releases for Mac and PlayStation 2 were delayed until March 2001. The Japanese releases for Windows and Mac didn't come out until the fall of 2001.

Oni's storyline is fairly straightforward, although it has been called "understated". Because the story takes place over about a week and a half in the game's timeline, there is little room to develop the characters or setting, although large amounts of additional information are to be found in consoles scattered throughout the levels.

The developers achieved a unique blend of gunplay and hand-to-hand combat, with fluid controls and a camera that ensures that the action is always visible. Gunplay is fairly standard for the action genre, with some added emphasis on realism (Konoko only carries one weapon at a time, and a gun's ammo is tracked persistently whether it is being handled by the player or an enemy). The melee component of the game is particularly complex, employing over 2000 animations, and is frequently the main element that fans point to when praising the uniqueness of the gameplay.

Oni uses an in-house graphics engine developed for this game; it was optimized for handling levels with larger indoor environments than typical games of the time. The levels were designed by actual architects, giving them a more realistic look than many contemporary game worlds. The texturing in the game is minimalist, a style chosen to try to match the look of animé.

Further reading: Gameplay, Plot summary, Console text.

Reception

This environment once had much better lighting than it does now.
The canceled multiplayer mode.

The overall consensus of the critical reviews was that the game was good, but not great; Oni has a metascore of 73/100 from critics, but an 8.4/10 from the website's voters.

Professional critics tended to dislike the ambitious melee element, complaining of counter-intuitive or unresponsive controls (if they found the game too hard), or the easily accessible basic combos (if they found the game too easy). Some reviewers were unimpressed by environmental graphics that were not as rich as other games of the time (the simple look of Oni was partly due to the attempt to mimic animé backgrounds, and partly a result of the game mostly taking place in offices and other real-world structures).

Upon Oni's release, many felt cheated because the game did not deliver on all of its promises (a not-uncommon issue in game development). The most notable shortcoming was the absence of LAN multiplayer, which had been featured in playable demos at expo booths in 1999 and 2000.

Some previously hyped features were missing, such as the AI characters being able to dodge gunfire and work together. This was attributed to the turnover in the AI engineering position after the original programmer was not able to complete all the tasks in the timeframe that she stated she would.[28] (However some hidden AI abilities have been found in Oni's engine, either disabled, unfinished, or not utilized by the game's mission scripts.)

Some of the game's content was cut as well. This included an entire planned level (BGI HQ) and the highly anticipated Iron Demon, the large mech shown in-game in the 1999 trailer. Gaps in the numbering of the game files led fans to believe that at least five chapters were cut before release, but this was mainly due to content that was moved around or consolidated into fewer levels.[28]

Finally, Bungie did not hold to their usual practice of releasing level-building tools for their games, since professional and costly software was used to produce Oni's levels: 3D Studio MAX ($3,495)[29] and the Character Studio plugin ($1,500)[30] for character modeling and animation,[31][4] AutoCAD ($3,750)[32][33] for use by the architects in modeling the levels,[4][34] and Lightscape ($500)[35] for calculating the radiosity lighting solutions.[36] There was a plan to release the file formats and the conversion tools that Bungie West developed,[4] but as Oni's release neared, it was pointed out by Matt Soell, Bungie's PR person, that since ownership had transferred to Take-Two, Bungie could not release these things.[37] Thus, it was left to the fans to create modding tools after investigating the inner workings of the game on their own.

Further reading: Pre-beta content, Pre-beta features, Reviews, Multiplayer.

Buyout

Take-Two 10-K (1999)

"In November 1999, we acquired 19.9% of the outstanding capital stock of Bungie Software Products Corporation for $5 million, of which $4 million was paid and $1 million is payable in May 2000. Bungie is a leading developer of software games for the PC platform."

Take-Two 10-K (2000)

"In June 2000, the Company sold its 19.9% equity interest in Bungie Software (“Bungie”) to Microsoft Corporation for approximately $5,000[,000] in cash. The Company did not realize any gain or loss on this transaction. Separately, the Company sold its exclusive Halo publishing and distribution rights to Bungie for $4,000[,000] in cash, a royalty free license to Bungie’s Halo technology in connection with the development of two original products and all right, title and interest to the Myth franchise and the PC and PlayStation(R) 2 game, Oni. The Company recorded this transaction as net sales of $5,500[,000] after giving effect to the receipt of $9,000[,000] in cash and $5,800[,000] of assets (consisting of $2,800[,000] relating to Oni, $1,500[,000] relating to Myth and $1,500[,000] relating to the license to use Halo game engine technology for two original products), net of $9,300[,000] of assets sold."

Bungie had seemed to enjoy great success as an independent publisher ever since they released Pathways into Darkness in 1993. However, Bungie was initially a Macintosh developer, and even their domination of the Mac's small game industry meant limited success in real financial terms[note 8] (though Bungie also began porting their games to Windows starting with Marathon 2). Bungie took advantage of their indie status to avoid the strict deadlines which are normally enforced by video game publishers, refusing to release their games until they were totally satisfied with them.

It is believed that Bungie began suffering from a shortage of cash around 1998 when the Myth II uninstaller bug was discovered and cost them at least $800,000 to correct.[38] This might have been difficult to absorb for a studio not accustomed to a disciplined release schedule. The next game to release after Myth II was to be Oni in 1999, but as Oni's release date began to slip further and further, it became clear that Bungie had underestimated the time required to finish the game by more than usual. In the meantime, Bungie was bankrolling two studios instead of one. Thus, the decision was made to partner with Take-Two Interactive; on August 13, 1999, it was announced that Take-Two would acquire 19.9% of Bungie in exchange for the publishing rights to Oni and Halo.[39] Take-Two also began work on a port of Oni for the upcoming PlayStation 2 console.

This deal didn't seem to change business much for Bungie, especially since another studio was performing the PlayStation 2 port. But considerably more shocking news was revealed on June 19, 2000, when Bungie announced its acquisition by Microsoft.[40] It turned out that Bungie's monetary woes had not been solved by Take-Two's influx of cash, and so Peter Tamte, Bungie's executive vice president, had been tasked with finding a buyer for the company. Take-Two acquired (among other things) all rights to the Oni and Myth IPs in exchange for its stake in Bungie and its publishing rights for Halo. Take-Two valued the Oni IP at $2.8 million, and the Myth IP at $1.5 million.[41][note 9]

The acquisition of Bungie by Microsoft also meant the dissolution of Bungie West as Bungie moved all their employees to a single office in Redmond, Washington. Some Oni developers stayed with Bungie and went on to contribute to the Halo series, such as LeBel, while some left to join or start other game studios.

Further reading: Rights.

Sequel

An uncompleted level from Oni 2.

Clearly Take-Two expected big things from Oni (see their valuation of Oni above, as well as their promotional efforts under § Hype). They had assigned Rockstar Canada (now known as Rockstar Toronto) to start work on a PlayStation 2 port of Oni in 1999, and it was released alongside the Windows and Mac versions of Oni; however, the port is regarded as an inferior version of the game due to technical limitations and control issues.

At first, Take-Two seemed intent on investing in Oni as a franchise. Shortly after Oni's release, a simple game billed as an Oni prequel (developed by Quantum Sheep) was released for WAP-enabled cell phones.[42] More significantly, it was rumored[43] that Take-Two had put Oni 2 into production at Angel Studios; however, no sequel was ever officially announced. In 2016, an actual development build of the cancelled game was leaked.[44] Interviews with former employees of Angel Studios revealed that the game had been in development for about two years without a clear direction, and the troubled project was finally cancelled when the studio was acquired by Rockstar in 2002 and renamed Rockstar San Diego.

Further reading: Oni (PlayStation 2), Oni 2 (Angel Studios), Oni (WAP version).

Future

Many players still fondly remember Oni.

Take-Two has sold off some dormant franchises to outside developers, although Oni is not one of them. Upon the separation of Bungie from Microsoft in 2007, there was fervent speculation about Bungie returning to their older franchises. In an interview, Bungie's CEO at the time, Harold Ryan, was asked specifically about Oni:

4Players
Since we're on the subject of strong franchises: is there perhaps a chance to bring back Oni?
Harold Ryan
(laughs) Oni isn't currently one of those projects we're looking at, but one should never say never.
We'd be happy to work with the individuals who made Oni.[45]

One thing is certain: the current Bungie staff has little in common with the group that produced Oni (there is only one Oni developer still working at Bungie – Chris Butcher – as of October 2023). There is probably little sentimental or monetary incentive for Bungie to buy back the IP and produce a sequel.

Since Oni's release, the fan community has been working on mods and writing gameplay and modding tools for the game. Gradually the modding abilities of the community have extended to nearly every aspect of the game. The game applications for Windows and macOS are also maintained and improved through patches. Various fan projects have taken on the subject of an "Oni 2" storyline.

Further reading: History of Oni modding, Anniversary Edition, Gameplay tools, Modding tools, Engine patches, Oni 2 (fanon).


References

Footnotes

  1. However Hardy LeBel, the writer of the story, indicated here and here that he understood "oni" to mean "demon" and had written the final story with that in mind. The final story incorporates many elements of the mythical oni, as explored in Oni (myth) § Connections to the game.
  2. At one time during development, the name "Mnemonic Shadow" was considered according to the Marathon Story Page.
  3. Oni discussion on the Marathon Story Page. Bungie fans first started talking about the newly-announced Oni (and the E3 1998 trailer) back in May-June 1998, unaware that it would not release for another two and a half years.
  4. Discussions on Oni Central Forum of: a fall 1999 release date, a summer 2000 release date, a fall 2000 release date, and finally a spring 2001 release date. These "release dates" were generally rumors, ephemeral dates used by online stores for pre-orders, or vague estimates by Bungie PR, not official statements. Nevertheless, it was clear that Oni was taking longer than planned to finish, which was a cause of some concern among Bungie fans.
  5. "After almost a year all they had were some stick figures walking in a box; hardly a killer demo, much less a new frontier in gaming. […] Eventually, Brent had a 'eureka' - just before New Year's Eve 1998, he had a breakthrough. He was able to match the power of these professional tools with their new engine." Inside Mac Games, "Sneak Preview: Oni", 1999.
  6. Michael Evans said, "Most of us were working 14 hours a day 7 days a week" in this interview.
  7. Also see Hardy LeBel, "Learn Level Design Class 9 - Integrating Game Mechanics", Dec. 17, 2016, at 11'38", where he talks about a "month of weekends" spent adding the jello-fix boxes.
  8. Dean Takahashi's book "Opening the Xbox" claims on page 238 that a Bungie game never sold more than 200,000 units, but that number is based on a misunderstanding, because the Chicago Reader article below talks about an initial shipment of Myth II numbering 200,000 units, and also states that the first Myth game sold 300,000 copies total.
  9. The sale of Bungie to Microsoft has an interesting historical footnote: according to Ed Fries, who was VP of game publishing at Microsoft, Steve Jobs angrily called MS CEO Steve Ballmer immediately after the Bungie acquisition was announced; sources within Bungie have stated that Apple themselves had been close to offering to buy Bungie at the time. In order to appease Apple (a business partner of Microsoft) over the loss of a major Mac game developer, Microsoft helped form a new company which would publish a Mac port of Halo as well as other games. It was named Destineer, and headed up by none other than Peter Tamte of Bungie. Destineer would go on to publish a port of Halo for the Mac in 2003. (sources: [1], [2], [3], [4])

Citations

  1. 1.0 1.1 Godgames.com, "Gathering of Developers Ships Oni Nationwide for the PC and Macintosh", Jan. 29, 2001. This is referring to the U.S. release; see § Release for info on other releases.
  2. GameSpot, "Oni Receives Final Approval", unknown date.
  3. Inside Mac Games, "Sneak Preview: Oni", 1999.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Bungie.org, "Interview with Brent Pease", 1999.
  5. Glixel, "Flashback: 'Oni', Bungie's Cult Classic Inspired by 'Ghost in the Shell'", Mar. 30, 2017.
  6. Bungie.org, "Interview with Alex Okita", 1999.
  7. OniCore, Interview with Alex Okita, 1999.
  8. Inside Mac Games, "Interview: Oni's Hardy LeBel", 2000.
  9. 9.0 9.1 Apple.com, "Conquering Demons: Bungie on Oni", Feb. 2001.
  10. Oni Central Forum, "Re: The Analytical reasons behind Oni's influences", Sep. 2, 2000.
  11. Wikipedia, "Game Critics Awards".
  12. 12.0 12.1 Oni Central Forum, "Re: Matt- could you address this?", Aug. 29, 2000.
  13. Oni Central Forum, "I'm pretty sure Chris Butcher has joined Oni", Jan. 23, 2000.
  14. eBay, "Bungie Oni for Macintosh - Autographed", May 17, 2021. Stefan tells the story in the Description section of the page.
  15. Oni Central Forum, "Re: Oni basic questionare", Jul. 6, 2002.
  16. mrixrt, "Bungie's Forgotten Franchise - Oni", Mar. 11, 2019, 16 minute mark.
  17. Oni Central Forum, "New news groups?", Aug. 28, 2000.
  18. Oni Central Forum, "Leakage?", Nov. 27, 2000.
  19. Usenet alt.games.tombraider thread, "ok wtf!", Nov. 5, 2000.
  20. Oni Central Forum, "Re: is the "new' movie really the old trailer", Oct. 30, 2000. Also, a gold master candidate produced on Oct. 30, 2000 already contained the training level. The timestamp on the Windows retail game data is Nov. 3, 2000, so all assets were done by that point.
  21. Oni Central Forum, "ONI gone GOLD", Nov. 20, 2000.
  22. 22.0 22.1 See Oni Central Forum, "Re: It's coming... soon", Dec. 18, 2000, which showed that the Mac demo would not be ready until the Mac version of the game reached Gold Master status, and Oni Central Forum, "MAC DEMO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!", Dec. 22, 2000, celebrating the release of the demo. However, the official confirmation of Mac GM status didn't come until Jan. 3, 2001.
  23. Daily Radar, "Oni Gets SCEA's Approval ", Jan. 22, 2001.
  24. Oni Central Forum, "ONI DEMO!", Dec. 17, 2000.
  25. Oni Central News Archive, Jan. 2001.
  26. Bungie Store: Oni Bundle. The UK price seems to have been £30 per this review.
  27. Oni Central Forum, "What language is your copy of Oni in?", Sep. 2011.
  28. 28.0 28.1 Oni Central Forum, "Re: More questions... (mainly for chef...)", Jul. 7, 2002.
  29. Autodesk AREA, "History of Autodesk 3ds Max", 2010
  30. Jerry Pournelle, "Computing at Chaos Manor", Jan. 1999.
  31. Oni Central Forum, "Re: Professional Tools (doh)".
  32. 2D, 3D & Animation, "AutoCAD History", Jan. 4, 2020, History of CAD, "Autodesk and AutoCAD", Mar. 27, 2023.
  33. Oni Central Forum, "Re: Really?", Nov. 13, 2000.
  34. Inside Mac Games, "Sneak Preview: Oni", 1999.
  35. Computer Business Review, "Lightscape Upgrades 3d Graphics Visualization Tools", Feb. 3, 1997.
  36. Inside Mac Games, "Interview: Oni Level Designer David Dunn".
  37. Oni Central Forum, "Re: Ok Matt, you knew we'd ask...", Oct. 5, 2000.
  38. Chicago Reader, "Monsters in a Box", Mar. 23, 2000.
  39. SEC 10-K filing for Take-Two Interactive, Oct. 31, 1999.
  40. IGN, "Microsoft Buys Bungie, Take Two Buys Oni, PS2 Situation Unchanged", Jun. 19, 2000.
  41. SEC 10-K filing for Take-Two Interactive, Oct. 31, 2002.
  42. Fastest Game News Online, "Oni Prequel Announced", Feb. 6, 2001.
  43. Oni Central News, Apr. 1, 2001.
  44. Documented by the game preservation YouTube channel PtoPOnline here.
  45. 4players.de interviews Shane Kim and Harold Ryan, Oct. 5, 2007 (translated from original).